——新加坡淡馬錫考察的啟示
文章來源：《國資報告》雜(za)志 發布(bu)時(shi)間：2021-03-08
黨的(de)(de)(de)十九屆四中(zhong)(zhong)全會作出了堅(jian)持和完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特(te)色社會主義制(zhi)度(du)、推(tui)進(jin)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)治理體系(xi)和治理能(neng)力現(xian)代化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)。完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特(te)色現(xian)代企業(ye)制(zhi)度(du)，是堅(jian)持和完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特(te)色社會主義制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內容；健全國(guo)(guo)有企業(ye)公司法人(ren)治理結構，是推(tui)進(jin)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)治理體系(xi)和治理能(neng)力現(xian)代化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)題中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)有之意。構建(jian)系(xi)統完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)備、科學規范(fan)、運行有效的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度(du)體系(xi)，把(ba)制(zhi)度(du)優(you)勢更好轉化(hua)(hua)為企業(ye)治理效能(neng)，是我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有企業(ye)改革的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)任務。在深化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)有企業(ye)改革、建(jian)立完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)善現(xian)代企業(ye)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，國(guo)(guo)務院國(guo)(guo)資委(wei)始終(zhong)重(zhong)視(shi)學習借鑒世(shi)界(jie)范(fan)圍(wei)內公司治理的(de)(de)(de)經驗成(cheng)果(guo)，和新加坡淡(dan)馬錫公司進(jin)行了長期合(he)作交(jiao)流并多(duo)次組織中(zhong)(zhong)央企業(ye)負責人(ren)實地考(kao)察。
45年里，淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)資產凈(jing)值增長近(jin)千倍，復合年化股(gu)東(dong)(dong)總(zong)回報率為(wei)15%。作為(wei)一個單一國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)股(gu)東(dong)(dong)的(de)企(qi)業能夠取得這樣的(de)成就，在(zai)世界范圍內極(ji)為(wei)罕(han)見(jian)。近(jin)期(qi)，我(wo)有(you)(you)幸(xing)參加了(le)國(guo)(guo)資委組織的(de)淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)董事論壇(tan)（第27期(qi)）。結(jie)(jie)合長期(qi)對(dui)淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)的(de)研(yan)究思考(kao)和此次實地考(kao)察(cha)學(xue)習，我(wo)認為(wei)，淡(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)在(zai)堅(jian)持政(zheng)企(qi)分開(kai)、明確功能定(ding)位、強化多元化決策、堅(jian)持投資收益最大化方(fang)面(mian)有(you)(you)深入探索，形成了(le)協調(diao)運轉、有(you)(you)效制衡(heng)的(de)公司法人(ren)治理結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，對(dui)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業尤其是中央企(qi)業完善公司治理結(jie)(jie)構(gou)有(you)(you)一定(ding)啟發意(yi)義。
一、堅持政企分開，清晰對國有企業授權邊界
1、新(xin)加坡政(zheng)府(fu)和淡馬錫的(de)(de)“一(yi)臂(bei)之距(ju)”。政(zheng)府(fu)和企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)關(guan)系是(shi)國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)業管理的(de)(de)世界性(xing)難(nan)題。新(xin)加坡國(guo)有企(qi)(qi)業也經歷過政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)不分的(de)(de)階段，后來(lai)新(xin)加坡以淡馬錫為(wei)核心進行(xing)了政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)分開的(de)(de)改革，改革關(guan)鍵是(shi)政(zheng)府(fu)和企(qi)(qi)業保(bao)持恰當(dang)距(ju)離(li)，這個(ge)距(ju)離(li)被(bei)稱為(wei)“一(yi)臂(bei)之距(ju)”。
首(shou)先，政(zheng)府(fu)對(dui)淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)的(de)(de)(de)管控通(tong)過法律(lv)來(lai)實現。淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)是根(gen)據新加坡憲法而成(cheng)立的(de)(de)(de)一家(jia)機構(gou)，有特(te)定的(de)(de)(de)憲法條(tiao)款保(bao)護淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)積(ji)累的(de)(de)(de)儲備金。其次，政(zheng)府(fu)對(dui)淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)的(de)(de)(de)管理有著清晰的(de)(de)(de)鏈(lian)條(tiao)。淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)的(de)(de)(de)股(gu)權結(jie)構(gou)非常簡單，新加坡財政(zheng)部(bu)(bu)對(dui)淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)實行專管，切斷(duan)了其他政(zheng)府(fu)部(bu)(bu)門(men)對(dui)淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)可能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)干(gan)擾。最后，財政(zheng)部(bu)(bu)對(dui)淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)的(de)(de)(de)管控是清單式的(de)(de)(de)股(gu)東行為，除確定淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)董事會成(cheng)員(yuan)和總裁，審(shen)查淡(dan)馬(ma)(ma)錫(xi)的(de)(de)(de)業績表現外，其余(yu)權力基本上授予了董事會。
2、清(qing)晰授權、政(zheng)(zheng)企(qi)(qi)分開是(shi)深(shen)化我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改革的重(zhong)點。在世界(jie)范圍(wei)內，政(zheng)(zheng)企(qi)(qi)不分是(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)理中的通病。淡(dan)馬(ma)錫執行董(dong)事兼CEO何晶認(ren)為：“政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)一開始就(jiu)讓淡(dan)馬(ma)錫獨立運(yun)作，政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)不干涉(she)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的專業(ye)(ye)(ye)化經營(ying)和經營(ying)策略的制(zhi)定，是(shi)新加坡國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)經濟(ji)成(cheng)功的關(guan)鍵。世界(jie)上很(hen)多企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)所以失敗，是(shi)因為它們無法成(cheng)功的理清(qing)控(kong)股責任和管(guan)理責任之(zhi)間(jian)的關(guan)系。”同樣(yang)，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)70年的發展歷史中，如(ru)何更好地處(chu)理好政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)和企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的關(guan)系一直是(shi)困(kun)擾國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展的難題(ti)之(zhi)一。
黨的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)八大以(yi)來(lai)，黨中(zhong)央、國(guo)務(wu)院相繼(ji)發布(bu)了《關(guan)于(yu)全面深(shen)化改(gai)(gai)革(ge)若(ruo)干重(zhong)大問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)決(jue)定》《關(guan)于(yu)深(shen)化國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)導(dao)意見(jian)》《關(guan)于(yu)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)和(he)完善國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)管(guan)理(li)體制的(de)(de)(de)若(ruo)干意見(jian)》《改(gai)(gai)革(ge)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)授權(quan)(quan)經(jing)營體制方案》等(deng)文件(jian)，都要求依法(fa)理(li)順政(zheng)府(fu)與國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)資(zi)(zi)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)，促(cu)使國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)真(zhen)正成為(wei)依法(fa)自主經(jing)營、自負盈虧、自擔風(feng)險(xian)、自我約束、自我發展的(de)(de)(de)獨立市場主體。可以(yi)說，政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)開、政(zheng)資(zi)(zi)分(fen)開是國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)深(shen)化改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵之(zhi)一。新加坡對(dui)淡馬錫的(de)(de)(de)清單式、法(fa)律(lv)式的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)，對(dui)我們有(you)(you)(you)(you)啟發意義。政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)開、政(zheng)資(zi)(zi)分(fen)開的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵并不是徹底斷開政(zheng)府(fu)和(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)，而是明確(que)出(chu)資(zi)(zi)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)、委(wei)托代理(li)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)、授權(quan)(quan)邊(bian)界(jie)等(deng)，確(que)立國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)市場主體地位(wei)，最大限度(du)降低政(zheng)府(fu)對(dui)市場運行的(de)(de)(de)直接干預。貫徹落實(shi)十(shi)九屆四中(zhong)全會的(de)(de)(de)要求，當(dang)前(qian)需要重(zhong)點考慮(lv)將(jiang)權(quan)(quan)責關(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)原則(ze)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)可操作(zuo)細(xi)則(ze)，通過法(fa)律(lv)、章程或者清單明確(que)權(quan)(quan)力邊(bian)界(jie)。
二、做實多元化董事會，實現權力制衡
1、淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)有(you)著(zhu)實(shi)實(shi)在在的(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)。淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)治(zhi)理(li)的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)做(zuo)(zuo)實(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)。淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)的(de)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)成員和(he)(he)總(zong)(zong)經(jing)理(li)由(you)提名委員會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)向新(xin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)坡財政部提名，由(you)財政部向總(zong)(zong)統(tong)提名，最后由(you)總(zong)(zong)統(tong)批準。淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)擁有(you)實(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)體(ti)現(xian)在三(san)個(ge)方面(mian)：一是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)在重大(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)項上有(you)著(zhu)實(shi)實(shi)在在的(de)決定權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，包括(kuo)治(zhi)理(li)、對股(gu)(gu)東負責、制(zhi)定長(chang)(chang)遠戰略、選擇經(jing)理(li)層(ceng)、通(tong)過股(gu)(gu)東大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)對投資公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)行使股(gu)(gu)東權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)。二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)組成多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)，董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來(lai)源(yuan)于政府官員、下(xia)屬企業(ye)領(ling)(ling)袖(xiu)和(he)(he)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)商業(ye)人士，且獨(du)立董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或者外部董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)占絕對多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)數地(di)位，相(xiang)當一部分來(lai)自于新(xin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)坡之外的(de)跨(kua)國公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)領(ling)(ling)袖(xiu)。這種設計(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對西方公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)治(zhi)理(li)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)重大(da)(da)突破(po)，淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)并(bing)(bing)非是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)或者產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)決定的(de)，本(ben)質是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)治(zhi)理(li)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)。三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)體(ti)現(xian)在權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)分配和(he)(he)制(zhi)衡(heng)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)同董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)角色有(you)著(zhu)制(zhi)衡(heng)細則：董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)和(he)(he)總(zong)(zong)裁由(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同人擔(dan)任(ren)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)和(he)(he)副(fu)(fu)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)只能(neng)(neng)來(lai)自獨(du)立董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可來(lai)自股(gu)(gu)東董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)執行董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)和(he)(he)副(fu)(fu)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)入審(shen)計(ji)委員會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)擔(dan)任(ren)領(ling)(ling)袖(xiu)與(yu)薪酬委員會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主席；執行董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)僅一人且需兼任(ren)淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)總(zong)(zong)裁；總(zong)(zong)裁不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)入審(shen)計(ji)委員會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)；股(gu)(gu)東董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)參與(yu)領(ling)(ling)袖(xiu)培育與(yu)薪酬委員會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)；董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)在投票出現(xian)平局時有(you)二(er)次(ci)投票權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)或者決定性(xing)投票。這些復雜的(de)制(zhi)度設計(ji)，形成了制(zhi)衡(heng)甚至監督。和(he)(he)西方國家(jia)大(da)(da)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)同的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有(you)一分錢的(de)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，做(zuo)(zuo)實(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)或管理(li)層(ceng)持股(gu)(gu)，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)的(de)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)現(xian)治(zhi)理(li)的(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)化(hua)。整體(ti)來(lai)看(kan)，淡(dan)(dan)(dan)馬(ma)錫(xi)(xi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)雖(sui)無(wu)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)政府授權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)而有(you)實(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)元(yuan)的(de)組成，運作中(zhong)形成了明顯的(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)制(zhi)衡(heng)，和(he)(he)經(jing)理(li)層(ceng)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)力(li)邊界非常清晰。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最值得(de)我國國有(you)企業(ye)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)建設學習借鑒的(de)方面(mian)。
2、董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)會(hui)(hui)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)是(shi)多元(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)治理(li)(li)。從(cong)世界(jie)范(fan)(fan)圍來看(kan)，公司治理(li)(li)尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)會(hui)(hui)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)踐是(shi)多樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。可(ke)以(yi)看(kan)到，英美式、德式、日式、新式董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)會(hui)(hui)各不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)同。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)完善(shan)(shan)公司治理(li)(li)結(jie)構(gou)到了(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)階段，形式已經(jing)(jing)不(bu)(bu)再(zai)成(cheng)為問(wen)題，關鍵(jian)是(shi)發揮(hui)實(shi)(shi)效。建(jian)立董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)會(hui)(hui)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)授(shou)(shou)權(quan)，或大或小都需要(yao)(yao)堅決(jue)清(qing)晰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)授(shou)(shou)權(quan)，董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學決(jue)策一(yi)方面(mian)取決(jue)于(yu)(yu)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多元(yuan)組(zu)成(cheng)，一(yi)方面(mian)取決(jue)于(yu)(yu)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效制(zhi)衡。當前需要(yao)(yao)繼續解(jie)決(jue)“內(nei)(nei)部人控制(zhi)”、外部董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)難以(yi)發揮(hui)作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)管理(li)(li)，就(jiu)是(shi)黨和人民(min)把國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資產交(jiao)給企業(ye)(ye)領導人員經(jing)(jing)營管理(li)(li)。黨委成(cheng)員也好(hao)、董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)也好(hao)、經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)層也好(hao)，本(ben)質(zhi)上(shang)都是(shi)黨派(pai)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干部。一(yi)股獨大但不(bu)(bu)能個別人說了(le)算(suan)，關鍵(jian)并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)股權(quan)多元(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)而是(shi)治理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多元(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，這(zhe)是(shi)民(min)主集(ji)中(zhong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)質(zhi)體現(xian)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)或中(zhong)央企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)落實(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)功能界(jie)定(ding)和分(fen)類基礎上(shang)做(zuo)實(shi)(shi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)會(hui)(hui)，首先要(yao)(yao)優化(hua)(hua)(hua)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)組(zu)成(cheng)，如果還無法全(quan)球(qiu)選(xuan)(xuan)擇、至少要(yao)(yao)全(quan)黨選(xuan)(xuan)擇、全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)選(xuan)(xuan)擇。其(qi)(qi)(qi)次要(yao)(yao)賦予(yu)(yu)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)會(hui)(hui)權(quan)力，讓(rang)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)會(hui)(hui)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)授(shou)(shou)權(quan)范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei)(nei)自主決(jue)定(ding)，要(yao)(yao)把董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)長和總(zong)經(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)權(quan)力邊界(jie)分(fen)清(qing)楚。最(zui)后(hou)要(yao)(yao)完善(shan)(shan)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)事(shi)會(hui)(hui)各專業(ye)(ye)委員會(hui)(hui)并授(shou)(shou)予(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)實(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)在(zai)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)力，使其(qi)(qi)(qi)能夠負起(qi)應(ying)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任。
三、堅持“管資本”，推動國有企業市場化商業化運作
1、商業(ye)化(hua)(hua)運(yun)(yun)作的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資收益(yi)和(he)資本(ben)回(hui)報(bao)是檢(jian)驗國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改革發(fa)展成(cheng)效的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效清晰的(de)(de)(de)標準。淡(dan)馬錫(xi)在世(shi)(shi)界上引以(yi)為(wei)傲的(de)(de)(de)是其40多(duo)(duo)年來較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資回(hui)報(bao)。淡(dan)馬錫(xi)成(cheng)立(li)之初(chu)就把商業(ye)化(hua)(hua)運(yun)(yun)作和(he)投(tou)資收益(yi)最大化(hua)(hua)作為(wei)基本(ben)目(mu)標，雖然(ran)在早期要兼(jian)顧更(geng)多(duo)(duo)社會責任，但在近年來已經(jing)徹底轉型成(cheng)為(wei)一家(jia)投(tou)資企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)。淡(dan)馬錫(xi)提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de)轉型中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)體、增長中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)產階(jie)級、顯著的(de)(de)(de)比較優勢、新興的(de)(de)(de)龍頭企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)等(deng)四大投(tou)資主題(ti)，和(he)以(yi)壽命延長、財富增加、可持續(xu)生活方式、智(zhi)能(neng)系統、共享經(jing)濟(ji)、世(shi)(shi)界互聯互通等(deng)六大趨勢為(wei)依據的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資策(ce)略，對國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)尤其是中(zhong)央企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)有(you)著很強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)借鑒意義(yi)。這就值得我們(men)深(shen)思(si)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)改革發(fa)展如何堅(jian)持遵循市場經(jing)濟(ji)規律和(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)發(fa)展規律，不斷提(ti)升(sheng)資本(ben)配(pei)置效率(lv)，強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)“管(guan)資本(ben)”改革？
2、市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)是(shi)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)合理流(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)優(you)化(hua)(hua)配置的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎。2015年中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)、國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)《關于深(shen)化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)指導(dao)意見》指出(chu)：堅(jian)(jian)持權利(li)、義務、責任相(xiang)統一，堅(jian)(jian)持激(ji)勵機(ji)制(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)約(yue)束機(ji)制(zhi)相(xiang)結(jie)合，促使國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)真正成為依法自(zi)主(zhu)經(jing)(jing)營、自(zi)負盈虧、自(zi)擔風(feng)險(xian)、自(zi)我(wo)約(yue)束、自(zi)我(wo)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)獨立(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體。這(zhe)既(ji)是(shi)社會主(zhu)義市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)經(jing)(jing)濟改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)要(yao)求，也(ye)是(shi)深(shen)化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)(gai)革發展(zhan)的(de)(de)規(gui)律。市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體把投資(zi)收益(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)(he)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)回報視為根本(ben)(ben)目(mu)標，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)能例外。“管(guan)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)”是(shi)通過(guo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)方(fang)式實現戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)目(mu)標。當前(qian)需要(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)功能定位(wei)和(he)(he)(he)分類(lei)(lei)改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上(shang)強化(hua)(hua)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)運(yun)作。在(zai)(zai)(zai)實際中(zhong)(zhong)，公(gong)共(gong)利(li)益(yi)(yi)、公(gong)共(gong)服務、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)并無本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)矛盾。只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)堅(jian)(jian)持市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)運(yun)作，把投資(zi)收益(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)(he)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)回報放在(zai)(zai)(zai)主(zhu)要(yao)位(wei)置，才能形成對(dui)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)類(lei)(lei)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)清晰授權，完善(shan)激(ji)勵約(yue)束機(ji)制(zhi)，讓國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)尤其是(shi)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)類(lei)(lei)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)走向市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)投資(zi)運(yun)營公(gong)司的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)任務就(jiu)是(shi)優(you)化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)重(zhong)點(dian)投資(zi)方(fang)向和(he)(he)(he)領域(yu)，調整國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)向關系國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)安全、國(guo)(guo)民經(jing)(jing)濟命脈(mo)和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)計民生的(de)(de)關鍵領域(yu)、重(zhong)要(yao)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、重(zhong)點(dian)基(ji)(ji)礎設施集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)，向前(qian)瞻性戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)，向具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)核心競爭力(li)的(de)(de)優(you)勢企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)。當前(qian)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)控制(zhi)力(li)理解不(bu)(bu)深(shen)、運(yun)用不(bu)(bu)熟，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)過(guo)多沉淀在(zai)(zai)(zai)傳統行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)甚至過(guo)剩產(chan)能之中(zhong)(zhong)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)流(liu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)靈(ling)活性不(bu)(bu)足，在(zai)(zai)(zai)一些新興的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)重(zhong)要(yao)領域(yu)競爭力(li)、創新力(li)、控制(zhi)力(li)、影(ying)響力(li)、抗(kang)風(feng)險(xian)能力(li)明顯不(bu)(bu)足，在(zai)(zai)(zai)前(qian)瞻性戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)性產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)投資(zi)上(shang)缺乏主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)性和(he)(he)(he)冒險(xian)精神。破解這(zhe)些問題，需要(yao)以(yi)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)思維和(he)(he)(he)方(fang)式，把握社會發展(zhan)趨勢、把握全球發展(zhan)機(ji)遇。
四、堅持實事求是，不斷深化國有企業改革
1、國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)是國家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要內(nei)容。從(cong)世界(jie)(jie)范(fan)圍來(lai)看，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)是國家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)組成(cheng)部(bu)分，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)和(he)(he)(he)國家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)環境息息相關(guan)(guan)(guan)。2019年(nian)10月(yue)9日，世界(jie)(jie)經(jing)濟(ji)論壇發布的(de)(de)(de)《全(quan)(quan)球競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)報告》，對全(quan)(quan)球141個(ge)經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)進(jin)行競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)綜合(he)評價，新(xin)(xin)加(jia)坡(po)(po)躍居第一名，其優(you)秀(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)國家(jia)制(zhi)度(du)設計和(he)(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)能(neng)力(li)(li)、行之(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)辦企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法是關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵成(cheng)功因素。可以(yi)清楚地看到，西方(fang)發達(da)國家(jia)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)完善和(he)(he)(he)西方(fang)國家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)呈現出正(zheng)相關(guan)(guan)(guan)，新(xin)(xin)加(jia)坡(po)(po)淡馬(ma)錫等國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)較高的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)是建立在新(xin)(xin)加(jia)坡(po)(po)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)較高水(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)基礎之(zhi)(zhi)上。也可以(yi)看到，發展(zhan)中國家(jia)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)出現的(de)(de)(de)種種問題，都(dou)和(he)(he)(he)其國家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)有(you)(you)(you)著直接的(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi)(xi)(xi)。新(xin)(xin)中國成(cheng)立70年(nian)來(lai)，中國共(gong)產黨領導人(ren)民(min)創(chuang)造了(le)世所(suo)罕見的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)快速發展(zhan)奇跡(ji)和(he)(he)(he)社(she)會長期穩定奇跡(ji)，中華(hua)民(min)族迎來(lai)了(le)從(cong)站起來(lai)、富起來(lai)到強起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)偉大(da)飛躍，充分證明中國特色社(she)會主(zhu)義制(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)(he)國家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)是具有(you)(you)(you)強大(da)生命力(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)巨大(da)優(you)越性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度(du)和(he)(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)。我(wo)們堅信在這(zhe)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)中國國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)必然能(neng)夠(gou)完善中國特色現代企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)度(du)、完善公司治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)結構(gou)。黨的(de)(de)(de)十九屆(jie)四(si)中全(quan)(quan)會做出了(le)堅持(chi)和(he)(he)(he)完善中國特色社(she)會主(zhu)義制(zhi)度(du)、推進(jin)國家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)能(neng)力(li)(li)現代化(hua)若(ruo)干(gan)重(zhong)大(da)問題的(de)(de)(de)決定，國有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)需(xu)要構(gou)建系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)完備、科學規范(fan)、運行有(you)(you)(you)效的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度(du)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)，把制(zhi)度(du)優(you)勢更好轉化(hua)為企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)效能(neng)。
2、國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改革(ge)(ge)發展必(bi)須(xu)(xu)立(li)足(zu)中國(guo)實際(ji)(ji)。淡馬(ma)錫以投資(zi)(zi)(zi)收益最(zui)大(da)化(hua)為根本(ben)目的，在(zai)實現全球布局之后，其(qi)運(yun)作完全遵(zun)循(xun)市場(chang)化(hua)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)運(yun)作規則。中國(guo)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)功能(neng)(neng)定位的復雜性遠非淡馬(ma)錫可(ke)以比擬。也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)說，淡馬(ma)錫的發展經(jing)驗，部分(fen)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)可(ke)以全面借鑒，部分(fen)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)只能(neng)(neng)局部借鑒，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的方法和(he)(he)策略根本(ben)難以借鑒。國(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)委黨(dang)委書記、主任(ren)郝鵬指(zhi)出，“國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)已(yi)經(jing)進入了資(zi)(zi)(zi)產資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)化(hua)、股(gu)權多元化(hua)的發展階(jie)段(duan)，對國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)獨資(zi)(zi)(zi)、全資(zi)(zi)(zi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的管(guan)理模(mo)式已(yi)經(jing)不(bu)(bu)適用于國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)控股(gu)、參股(gu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，對境內國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的管(guan)理模(mo)式也(ye)(ye)已(yi)經(jing)不(bu)(bu)適用于‘走出去(qu)’的國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”可(ke)以說，中國(guo)龐大(da)的國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產和(he)(he)多樣(yang)的國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，改革(ge)(ge)并非處在(zai)同一(yi)條起跑線(xian)上，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)處在(zai)1.0階(jie)段(duan)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的處在(zai)2.0階(jie)段(duan)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的可(ke)能(neng)(neng)到(dao)了3.0階(jie)段(duan)，一(yi)個(ge)尺子一(yi)個(ge)標準肯定解決(jue)不(bu)(bu)了問題，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)指(zhi)望(wang)一(yi)個(ge)模(mo)式就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)解決(jue)中國(guo)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)問題。必(bi)須(xu)(xu)結合中國(guo)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實際(ji)(ji)，堅持政企(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)開、統一(yi)監(jian)管(guan)的基本(ben)原則，把握國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)功能(neng)(neng)界(jie)定和(he)(he)分(fen)類，遵(zun)循(xun)功能(neng)(neng)定位目標導向(xiang)的基本(ben)規律，實事求(qiu)是(shi)推(tui)進改革(ge)(ge)。
3、中國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)必(bi)須把握協調制衡的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。必(bi)須看到，世(shi)界范圍內主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)運(yun)作實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)顯著(zhu)差異，淡(dan)馬(ma)錫的(de)(de)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)和(he)歐(ou)美德日等國(guo)(guo)家(jia)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)顯著(zhu)差異，甚至說(shuo)淡(dan)馬(ma)錫董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對產權(quan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論、股(gu)份(fen)制的(de)(de)突破。淡(dan)馬(ma)錫有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)人士認為，其董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)委(wei)托少(shao)數幾個人去指(zhi)揮(hui)千軍萬馬(ma)，關(guan)(guan)鍵是(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)現(xian)授權(quan)與問責(ze)的(de)(de)平衡、實(shi)現(xian)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)和(he)經理(li)(li)(li)(li)層各司(si)(si)其職。我(wo)們(men)要(yao)(yao)從(cong)不(bu)同(tong)形(xing)式背(bei)后(hou)看到本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：大(da)型企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)權(quan)力(li)分配(pei)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)成協調運(yun)轉(zhuan)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)效制衡的(de)(de)體(ti)制機制。中國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)建(jian)(jian)設必(bi)須從(cong)這個本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出發，分析不(bu)同(tong)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)模式的(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、分析公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。具體(ti)來說(shuo)，西(xi)方(fang)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)黨組織，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中黨組織要(yao)(yao)發揮(hui)領導作用，“把方(fang)向、管大(da)局、保落實(shi)”，依照規定(ding)(ding)討(tao)論和(he)決定(ding)(ding)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)重大(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)項，在這種情況下，哪(na)一(yi)種董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)模式都(dou)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)直接(jie)套用。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)黨和(he)人民(min)把國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資產委(wei)托企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)領導人員經營(ying)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)委(wei)托就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)信(xin)任，但信(xin)任不(bu)能(neng)(neng)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)監(jian)督(du)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)授權(quan)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)力(li)清單和(he)邊界，權(quan)力(li)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)監(jian)督(du)、權(quan)力(li)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)導向“關(guan)(guan)鍵少(shao)數”獨斷專行，要(yao)(yao)通過建(jian)(jian)立健全和(he)強化(hua)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)中的(de)(de)“明(ming)規則”，讓“潛規則”失去存在的(de)(de)土壤(rang)。因此，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“一(yi)股(gu)獨大(da)”根本(ben)(ben)約(yue)束下尋求(qiu)實(shi)現(xian)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制衡化(hua)、決策多(duo)元化(hua)或者，或者是(shi)(shi)(shi)堅(jian)持民(min)主(zhu)集中制原則，探索(suo)(suo)建(jian)(jian)設董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)并發揮(hui)董(dong)(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)作用，探索(suo)(suo)黨組織融入公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。
淡(dan)馬錫在很多方面(mian)值得(de)中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)有企業借(jie)鑒，但最大的啟發或許還是透過(guo)現象把握本質，按(an)照習近平(ping)總書記對國(guo)有企業“完善治理(li)，強(qiang)化激勵(li)，突出主業，提高效率”的總體要求(qiu)，實事求(qiu)是尋(xun)求(qiu)解決我們實際問題(ti)的靈丹妙藥(yao)。（中(zhong)國(guo)通號集團黨委副書記、執行董事 楊(yang)永勝）
