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近(jin)日(ri)，國(guo)務(wu)院印發(fa)《關于改(gai)(gai)革國(guo)有(you)企業工資(zi)(zi)決定機制的意見》（以下簡稱《意見》），對國(guo)有(you)企業工資(zi)(zi)分配(pei)管理辦法進行重大改(gai)(gai)革。政策出(chu)臺背景(jing)是什(shen)么？相(xiang)較以往，本次改(gai)(gai)革有(you)哪些突(tu)出(chu)特點？對國(guo)企員(yuan)工有(you)何影響？針對相(xiang)關熱點問題，記者采訪了(le)人(ren)力資(zi)(zi)源和社會(hui)保障部副部長邱小平(ping)。

標志著國有企業工資分配制度體系基本形成

1985年以來，國(guo)(guo)家對(dui)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)大中型企業(ye)實行工(gong)資總額同經(jing)(jing)濟效益(yi)(yi)掛鉤辦法，職工(gong)工(gong)資總額增長(chang)按經(jing)(jing)濟效益(yi)(yi)增長(chang)的一定比(bi)例浮動，對(dui)促進國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)提高(gao)經(jing)(jing)濟效益(yi)(yi)和調動國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)職工(gong)積(ji)極(ji)性發揮了重要(yao)作用。但隨著社會主義市場經(jing)(jing)濟體制逐步健(jian)全(quan)和國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)不(bu)斷深化，現行國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)工(gong)資決定機(ji)制還存在市場化分配程(cheng)度(du)不(bu)高(gao)、分配秩序不(bu)夠規范、監管體制尚不(bu)健(jian)全(quan)等問(wen)題，難以適應改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)發展需要(yao)。這次國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)工(gong)資決定機(ji)制改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)舉措的出臺，標志(zhi)著與(yu)中國(guo)(guo)特色(se)現代國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)制度(du)相(xiang)適應的國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)工(gong)資分配制度(du)體系(xi)基本形(xing)成。

“本次改革(ge)(ge)遵循4個主要原則：堅持(chi)建(jian)立中國特色現(xian)代國有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)制度改革(ge)(ge)方向(xiang)，堅持(chi)效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)導向(xiang)與維護公(gong)平(ping)相(xiang)統一(yi)，堅持(chi)市場決定與政(zheng)府監管(guan)相(xiang)結合(he)，堅持(chi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類分(fen)(fen)(fen)級管(guan)理。”邱(qiu)小(xiao)平(ping)介紹(shao)，改革(ge)(ge)將(jiang)以國有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資總額(e)(e)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)為重(zhong)點(dian)，兼顧(gu)國有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)內部分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)，堅持(chi)問題(ti)導向(xiang)和目標導向(xiang)，按照工(gong)(gong)(gong)資分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)市場化(hua)改革(ge)(ge)方向(xiang)，改革(ge)(ge)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資總額(e)(e)確定辦法和管(guan)理方式，進一(yi)步落實(shi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)自(zi)主權。同時，改進和加(jia)強政(zheng)府對企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)的監管(guan)，強化(hua)事前引導和事中事后監督。通過(guo)改革(ge)(ge)，完善既有激勵又有約束(shu)、既講(jiang)效(xiao)(xiao)率又講(jiang)公(gong)平(ping)、既符合(he)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)一(yi)般規律(lv)又體(ti)現(xian)國有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)特點(dian)的分(fen)(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)機制。

市場決定、政府監管“兩只手”相結合

《意見》重(zhong)點(dian)圍繞國有(you)企業工資總額分(fen)配，對(dui)決定機制(zhi)、管(guan)理(li)方(fang)式和監管(guan)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)進行了(le)改(gai)(gai)革完善。本次(ci)改(gai)(gai)革主要特(te)點(dian)包括：

第一，突(tu)出(chu)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)分配的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)化方(fang)向。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)總(zong)額(e)確(que)定(ding)(ding)辦(ban)法(fa)上(shang)(shang)，《意(yi)見》改(gai)變了(le)過去國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)總(zong)額(e)增長同(tong)經濟效益單(dan)一指標掛鉤(gou)的(de)(de)辦(ban)法(fa)，要(yao)求統(tong)籌考(kao)慮一攬子(zi)因(yin)素合(he)(he)理確(que)定(ding)(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)總(zong)額(e)，更(geng)加符合(he)(he)市(shi)場(chang)經濟規(gui)律和企(qi)業發(fa)展規(gui)律。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)水(shui)平決定(ding)(ding)機制上(shang)(shang)，《意(yi)見》強調要(yao)加強人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)投入(ru)產出(chu)率(lv)和職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)水(shui)平的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)對標，使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)水(shui)平是否合(he)(he)理更(geng)多由市(shi)場(chang)決定(ding)(ding)。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)分配主體上(shang)(shang)，《意(yi)見》對政(zheng)府有(you)(you)關部門每年核定(ding)(ding)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業上(shang)(shang)年度工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效掛鉤(gou)方(fang)案的(de)(de)做法(fa)進行了(le)改(gai)革，采取更(geng)加符合(he)(he)市(shi)場(chang)規(gui)律的(de)(de)預算(suan)管理辦(ban)法(fa)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)總(zong)額(e)預算(suan)方(fang)案由企(qi)業自主編(bian)制，并對主業處于充分競爭行業和領域(yu)的(de)(de)商業類國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業原則上(shang)(shang)實行備案制，從而使國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)主體地位更(geng)加突(tu)出(chu)，企(qi)業的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)分配管理權(quan)得到進一步落(luo)實。

第二，突出(chu)對國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)分(fen)配的(de)分(fen)類管理(li)。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)與(yu)效(xiao)益聯(lian)動上，《意見》允許符合條件的(de)企(qi)業(ye)特(te)別是主業(ye)處于(yu)充(chong)分(fen)競(jing)爭行業(ye)和領域的(de)企(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)總額增長與(yu)經濟效(xiao)益增長同步，對主業(ye)不處于(yu)充(chong)分(fen)競(jing)爭行業(ye)和領域的(de)企(qi)業(ye)，則(ze)繼續實(shi)行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)總額和工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)水平雙重調(diao)控，從而有(you)(you)利于(yu)統(tong)籌處理(li)好(hao)(hao)不同行業(ye)、不同企(qi)業(ye)之間(jian)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)分(fen)配關系(xi)，解決目前國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)分(fen)配中一定程度存在的(de)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)該高不高、該低不低問(wen)題(ti)，既保證國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)更好(hao)(hao)分(fen)享企(qi)業(ye)發展成果和改革紅利，又(you)有(you)(you)效(xiao)調(diao)節過高收(shou)入，規(gui)范工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)分(fen)配秩序。

第三，突出增(zeng)強(qiang)活力(li)與加強(qiang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管相統一。《意(yi)見》強(qiang)化了(le)(le)政府職(zhi)能(neng)部門(men)對(dui)國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)資分(fen)配的(de)宏(hong)觀指(zhi)導(dao)(dao)調控職(zhi)責(ze)，要求人力(li)資源(yuan)和(he)社會保(bao)障(zhang)部門(men)會同(tong)有(you)(you)關部門(men)，定期(qi)發(fa)布勞動(dong)力(li)市(shi)場工(gong)(gong)資價位、行(xing)業(ye)人工(gong)(gong)成本信息、工(gong)(gong)資指(zhi)導(dao)(dao)線和(he)非競爭類國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)資增(zeng)長調控目(mu)標，更(geng)好(hao)引導(dao)(dao)國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)搞好(hao)工(gong)(gong)資分(fen)配。強(qiang)化了(le)(le)履行(xing)出資人職(zhi)責(ze)機(ji)構的(de)國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)資分(fen)配監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管職(zhi)責(ze)，對(dui)做好(hao)所監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)資總額預算方案(an)備案(an)或核準工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、加強(qiang)預算執行(xing)情況監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控和(he)清算等提出明確(que)(que)要求。強(qiang)化了(le)(le)對(dui)國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)資收入(ru)分(fen)配的(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)檢查，明確(que)(que)要健(jian)全國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)資內外收入(ru)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)檢查制(zhi)度，定期(qi)開展(zhan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)檢查，同(tong)時引入(ru)社會監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)機(ji)制(zhi)。強(qiang)化了(le)(le)對(dui)國(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)工(gong)(gong)資收入(ru)分(fen)配違規(gui)問題的(de)責(ze)任追究(jiu)，要求及時查處違規(gui)發(fa)放工(gong)(gong)資、濫(lan)發(fa)工(gong)(gong)資外收入(ru)等行(xing)為(wei)，并明確(que)(que)了(le)(le)對(dui)違規(gui)行(xing)為(wei)的(de)處理措施。

工資指導線制度等配套政策將陸續出臺

《意見》已經正式出臺(tai)，下(xia)一(yi)步關鍵是要抓好落(luo)實(shi)。這(zhe)項改革涉(she)及面廣、政策性強(qiang)，直接關系到(dao)廣大國有(you)企業持續健康發展和職工(gong)切身利益，需(xu)要各(ge)地區、各(ge)有(you)關部門進一(yi)步統(tong)一(yi)思(si)想認識，切實(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)組織(zhi)領導，共同(tong)抓好貫徹落(luo)實(shi)，形(xing)成推進改革的合力。

人力資(zi)源和(he)社會保障部(bu)(bu)作(zuo)(zuo)為指導(dao)(dao)和(he)監督(du)國有(you)企(qi)業工資(zi)分配的(de)職能部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)，將會同有(you)關部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)認(ren)真抓(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)好改(gai)(gai)革(ge)實(shi)(shi)施工作(zuo)(zuo)，推動改(gai)(gai)革(ge)順利進(jin)行。一是加強政策宣傳(chuan)解讀和(he)培訓(xun)工作(zuo)(zuo)，引導(dao)(dao)全社會正(zheng)確(que)理解和(he)支持這項改(gai)(gai)革(ge)，為改(gai)(gai)革(ge)營造良好社會環境。二是抓(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)緊(jin)研(yan)究制定完善工資(zi)指導(dao)(dao)線制度(du)的(de)意(yi)見、國有(you)企(qi)業工資(zi)內外收入監督(du)檢查辦(ban)(ban)法等改(gai)(gai)革(ge)配套政策，指導(dao)(dao)各(ge)(ge)(ge)地和(he)各(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)關部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)結合實(shi)(shi)際抓(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)緊(jin)制定實(shi)(shi)施意(yi)見或實(shi)(shi)施辦(ban)(ban)法，認(ren)真組織實(shi)(shi)施。三是加強調查研(yan)究和(he)跟蹤督(du)導(dao)(dao)，動態掌握改(gai)(gai)革(ge)進(jin)展(zhan)情況，適時開展(zhan)督(du)促(cu)檢查，及時研(yan)究解決改(gai)(gai)革(ge)中(zhong)出現(xian)的(de)新問題，推動各(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)關方面(mian)抓(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)好落(luo)實(shi)(shi)，確(que)保改(gai)(gai)革(ge)政策落(luo)實(shi)(shi)落(luo)地、取得實(shi)(shi)效。

（解(jie)讀人：人社(she)部副部長 邱(qiu)小平　 采訪人：本報記者 李心萍）

【責任編輯：語謙】