發布時間：2015-10-10
習近(jin)平總書記在(zai)安哥(ge)拉與中資企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)代表(biao)座談時提出：“推動更(geng)多有實力(li)(li)的(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)‘走(zou)(zou)出去(qu)’，既是(shi)加(jia)快(kuai)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)(ji)發展方(fang)式(shi)轉變和(he)(he)經濟(ji)(ji)結(jie)構調整的(de)(de)迫切需要(yao)，也是(shi)堅持互利共(gong)贏的(de)(de)開放(fang)戰(zhan)略、創造參與國(guo)(guo)(guo)際經濟(ji)(ji)合(he)作和(he)(he)競爭(zheng)新優勢的(de)(de)必然選擇(ze)。”近(jin)年來(lai)(lai)，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)府從政(zheng)治、外交、經濟(ji)(ji)層面加(jia)大(da)了對(dui)“走(zou)(zou)出去(qu)”企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)支持力(li)(li)度。李克強(qiang)總理(li)出訪非洲以及(ji)周邊國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)時強(qiang)調加(jia)強(qiang)基礎設(she)施領域合(he)作，積極(ji)推動“中國(guo)(guo)(guo)標準(zhun)”“中國(guo)(guo)(guo)高(gao)鐵”走(zou)(zou)出去(qu)。為(wei)(wei)了響應國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)“走(zou)(zou)出去(qu)”戰(zhan)略，越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)多的(de)(de)中資企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)走(zou)(zou)出國(guo)(guo)(guo)門，在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際工(gong)程承包領域扮演著越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)重要(yao)的(de)(de)角(jiao)色(se)。為(wei)(wei)增強(qiang)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際化經營能力(li)(li)，提升項目管(guan)(guan)理(li)水(shui)平，培育企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)核心競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)際工(gong)程承包商必須(xu)實施屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)化管(guan)(guan)理(li)。屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)化管(guan)(guan)理(li)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)范疇，幾乎(hu)涵(han)蓋了海外管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)方(fang)方(fang)面面，主要(yao)分為(wei)(wei)經營屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)化、管(guan)(guan)理(li)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)化、人員屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)化和(he)(he)待遇屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)化四(si)(si)個方(fang)面。這(zhe)四(si)(si)個方(fang)面相(xiang)(xiang)輔相(xiang)(xiang)成，密切聯(lian)系(xi)。筆者認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，轉變中資企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)“走(zou)(zou)出去(qu)”的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)迫在(zai)眉睫(jie)，利用當(dang)地(di)(di)和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際資源、與當(dang)地(di)(di)共(gong)同發展的(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)地(di)(di)化經營戰(zhan)略已經成為(wei)(wei)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)海外謀求(qiu)生存和(he)(he)發展的(de)(de)重要(yao)出路。
建立健全各項制度是屬地化管理的基本原則
企業一(yi)方面應(ying)遵守、執行項目所(suo)在國(guo)的(de)(de)勞動(dong)(dong)法律(lv)和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，避免產生不必要(yao)的(de)(de)糾紛和(he)麻(ma)煩(fan)；另一(yi)方面應(ying)建(jian)立(li)(li)健全企業自身(shen)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)管(guan)理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，形成一(yi)個(ge)(ge)包括公(gong)開招聘、合(he)同(tong)簽訂(ding)、教育培(pei)訓(xun)、崗位責任、勞動(dong)(dong)定額、薪酬待遇、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資結(jie)算、勞動(dong)(dong)保護、生活管(guan)理(li)、文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活動(dong)(dong)、休息(xi)休假(jia)合(he)理(li)訴(su)求(qiu)、違(wei)紀(ji)處理(li)、解除(chu)合(he)同(tong)等內(nei)容的(de)(de)規(gui)范化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、系統化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、信息(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)體系，從而保證(zheng)(zheng)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)持續健康(kang)發展。由(you)于社(she)會環境和(he)意識形態不同(tong)，完善外(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)體系要(yao)注(zhu)重結(jie)合(he)屬(shu)地國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)國(guo)情(qing)以及制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度要(yao)求(qiu)，有針對(dui)性地建(jian)立(li)(li)和(he)完善員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)切實體現“用(yong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度管(guan)人(ren)”的(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)，把制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度盡可能細化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)到每個(ge)(ge)管(guan)理(li)環節(jie)和(he)崗位。在制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度執行過(guo)程中(zhong)，無(wu)論中(zhong)方員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)還是外(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，都要(yao)一(yi)視同(tong)仁，保證(zheng)(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)嚴(yan)肅性和(he)公(gong)平(ping)性。完善考核、考察和(he)獎懲機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，將外(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)表(biao)現與其薪酬、待遇、升遷等結(jie)合(he)起(qi)來，充分(fen)調動(dong)(dong)屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)積極(ji)性。要(yao)為屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)立(li)(li)信息(xi)檔案，包括姓名、身(shen)份(fen)證(zheng)(zheng)號、住址、家(jia)庭(ting)狀況(kuang)、個(ge)(ge)人(ren)特長、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)經歷、上崗時(shi)間、離職時(shi)間、所(suo)屬(shu)班(ban)組、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)種(zhong)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)表(biao)現等多項內(nei)容，并進(jin)行動(dong)(dong)態更新。通過(guo)聘請律(lv)師，定期就(jiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)出現的(de)(de)問(wen)題進(jin)行法律(lv)咨詢(xun)，尋找處理(li)依(yi)據。另外(wai)，借助屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)國(guo)家(jia)勞工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部等機構對(dui)勞工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資、清算等業務(wu)給予指導。
開展屬地化員工培訓是屬地化管理成敗的關鍵
企(qi)(qi)業(ye)應通過(guo)理論培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)和(he)崗位練兵等形式，發揮(hui)中(zhong)方技(ji)術人員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“導師(shi)帶徒”作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，管理人員(yuan)(yuan)緊盯現場、言(yan)傳(chuan)身教(jiao)，在(zai)質量上把關、在(zai)技(ji)能(neng)上傳(chuan)授、在(zai)安(an)全上嚴控，并運(yun)用(yong)裂變原理，將培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)按班組分開，以培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養更多(duo)服從安(an)排、技(ji)術過(guo)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，在(zai)外籍員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)掀(xian)起“比(bi)、學、趕、超(chao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃厚氛圍，從而在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)實踐中(zhong)鍛煉自己、提高自己。開展培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)重點抓好四個方面工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)：其一，完善企(qi)(qi)業(ye)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)戰(zhan)略，建立培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)反饋(kui)機制，使(shi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)總部(bu)及時(shi)了解不(bu)同(tong)國(guo)家屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)、雇(gu)傭過(guo)程中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題和(he)解決辦法(fa)，然后有(you)針(zhen)對(dui)性地調整(zheng)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)戰(zhan)略，形成(cheng)(cheng)一套成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體系(xi)和(he)機制；其二，做好跨文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，包括對(dui)對(dui)方民(min)族文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)及公司文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識和(he)理解，文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敏感(gan)性、適應性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)，語(yu)言(yan)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)，跨文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)溝通及沖突處理能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)等；其三，建立引導和(he)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機制，使(shi)屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)理解或認(ren)同(tong)中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)際(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理方式，使(shi)其工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)態度、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方式以及工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)目標逐(zhu)步與項(xiang)目要(yao)求達到(dao)一致；其四，搭配多(duo)樣性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)激勵措施，將屬(shu)地化(hua)(hua)(hua)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓(xun)(xun)(xun)(xun)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收獲轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)項(xiang)目績效。
管理人員屬地化是屬地化管理發展的基本方向
國(guo)(guo)際化公司的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)目(mu)(mu)標是實現企業的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)化管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。強(qiang)化“屬地(di)(di)(di)”意識(shi)，必須堅持(chi)本(ben)(ben)土化管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，用(yong)(yong)本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)管(guan)(guan)好本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)，構建(jian)“以(yi)屬地(di)(di)(di)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)屬地(di)(di)(di)勞務工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)”的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)，探(tan)索一條極(ji)具特色的(de)(de)(de)海外(wai)項目(mu)(mu)用(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)。有(you)些企業，由于擔心外(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)能力和(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)水平，不愿聘用(yong)(yong)外(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)從(cong)事管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，從(cong)國(guo)(guo)內引進(jin)大(da)量管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)技術人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，由于語言不通和(he)文化差異，造(zao)成管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)難(nan)度加大(da)，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成本(ben)(ben)也相應增高(gao)。所以(yi)，企業應強(qiang)化“屬地(di)(di)(di)”意識(shi)，積極(ji)研究探(tan)索本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)本(ben)(ben)地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效方式(shi)，在(zai)外(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中積極(ji)選拔和(he)培養一批(pi)忠實于企業、責任心強(qiang)、有(you)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)能力的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，通過(guo)他們傳遞信息和(he)思想，提高(gao)溝(gou)通能力。在(zai)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)過(guo)程中，要加強(qiang)監督和(he)考察，建(jian)立激勵措(cuo)施，激發(fa)外(wai)籍(ji)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)活力和(he)創造(zao)性，實現企業健康、持(chi)續、穩定的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。企業還應建(jian)設國(guo)(guo)際化人(ren)才庫，將技能較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)當地(di)(di)(di)勞工(gong)(gong)(gong)列入公司人(ren)才庫管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。
用工管理方式多樣化是屬地化管理的基本保障
我們應從(cong)國(guo)際(ji)視野選聘(pin)雇員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，實現(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)外雇員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)有機(ji)結(jie)合(he)。普(pu)通管理、技術和勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)(yi)當地為(wei)主(zhu)，分包(bao)施工(gong)(gong)隊伍以(yi)(yi)當地或鄰國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)跨國(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)施工(gong)(gong)隊伍為(wei)主(zhu)，以(yi)(yi)降低人(ren)工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)本、減少施工(gong)(gong)設(she)備投入。其(qi)一(yi)，自主(zhu)用工(gong)(gong)方(fang)式(shi)。通過(guo)勞(lao)動力市場調查后確定(ding)(ding)勞(lao)動力使用價格，允許項(xiang)目公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)就近聘(pin)用人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，以(yi)(yi)現(xian)金(jin)形(xing)式(shi)支(zhi)付工(gong)(gong)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)；其(qi)二，專業(ye)化自主(zhu)用工(gong)(gong)管理方(fang)式(shi)。與(yu)勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)簽訂正(zheng)規合(he)同，項(xiang)目公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)在銀(yin)行備案，每月通過(guo)銀(yin)行提現(xian)后支(zhi)付工(gong)(gong)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)；其(qi)三，專業(ye)勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)管理方(fang)式(shi)。 由項(xiang)目公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)確定(ding)(ding)一(yi)家或幾家正(zheng)規的(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，項(xiang)目公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)與(yu)勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)簽訂勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)用工(gong)(gong)合(he)同，勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)設(she)專人(ren)負責勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)管理，項(xiang)目公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)通過(guo)轉(zhuan)賬(zhang)方(fang)式(shi)向(xiang)勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)支(zhi)付費用；其(qi)四，使用第(di)三國(guo)勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)。如從(cong)孟加拉引進勞(lao)務(wu)(wu)(wu)到中(zhong)(zhong)東地區、印度洋島國(guo)等，相對(dui)低廉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)價格、相比中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)英語基礎(chu)，使中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)承(cheng)包(bao)商的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)力工(gong)(gong)效優勢得(de)以(yi)(yi)保(bao)留并可持續保(bao)持；其(qi)五，聘(pin)用專業(ye)人(ren)士。在許多國(guo)家特別(bie)是(shi)英聯(lian)邦(bang)國(guo)家，很多職業(ye)需要經過(guo)論(lun)證并取(qu)得(de)資(zi)格的(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)人(ren)士才(cai)能承(cheng)擔，所以(yi)(yi)在當地聘(pin)請相關專業(ye)人(ren)士成(cheng)為(wei)國(guo)際(ji)工(gong)(gong)程公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)必要手段，可采取(qu)兼職式(shi)聘(pin)用，從(cong)價格較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)第(di)三國(guo)聘(pin)用，或聘(pin)用曾(ceng)在歐美留學(xue)(xue)并取(qu)得(de)相關證書的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)留學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)等。
（本文章摘自10月9日《光明日報》）