發布時間：2016-04-09
全面深(shen)化改革關(guan)系到黨和(he)人民事業前途(tu)命(ming)運，關(guan)系到黨的(de)執政基(ji)礎和(he)執政地位。全面深(shen)化改革必須堅持(chi)公有制(zhi)經濟的(de)主體地位，堅持(chi)和(he)完(wan)善(shan)基(ji)本經濟制(zhi)度，毫不(bu)動(dong)搖地鞏(gong)固和(he)發展(zhan)公有制(zhi)經濟，毫不(bu)動(dong)搖地鼓勵、支持(chi)、引導(dao)非(fei)公有制(zhi)經濟發展(zhan)，保(bao)證社(she)會(hui)主義社(she)會(hui)的(de)基(ji)本性(xing)質和(he)發展(zhan)方向(xiang)。
全面深化改革必須堅持“兩個毫不動搖”
改革(ge)開放是(shi)(shi)決(jue)定當代(dai)中國(guo)命運的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵一(yi)(yi)招，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)決(jue)定實現(xian)“兩(liang)個一(yi)(yi)百年”奮(fen)斗目(mu)標、實現(xian)中華民族偉大復興(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵一(yi)(yi)招。我國(guo)改革(ge)已經進入攻(gong)堅(jian)期和(he)(he)深水區。沖破思(si)(si)想(xiang)觀(guan)念的(de)(de)(de)(de)障礙、突(tu)破利益固(gu)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藩籬，解(jie)放思(si)(si)想(xiang)是(shi)(shi)首要的(de)(de)(de)(de)。解(jie)放思(si)(si)想(xiang)是(shi)(shi)前提(ti)，是(shi)(shi)解(jie)放和(he)(he)發(fa)展社(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)、解(jie)放和(he)(he)增(zeng)強社(she)會(hui)(hui)活(huo)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)總開關(guan)；解(jie)放和(he)(he)發(fa)展社(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)、解(jie)放和(he)(he)增(zeng)強社(she)會(hui)(hui)活(huo)力(li)，是(shi)(shi)解(jie)放思(si)(si)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)然結(jie)果，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)解(jie)放思(si)(si)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要基礎。在(zai)深化(hua)改革(ge)問題上，一(yi)(yi)些(xie)思(si)(si)想(xiang)觀(guan)念障礙往(wang)往(wang)不是(shi)(shi)來(lai)自體制外而是(shi)(shi)來(lai)自體制內。思(si)(si)想(xiang)不解(jie)放，就很難看清各種利益固(gu)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)癥結(jie)所(suo)在(zai)，很難找準突(tu)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)方向和(he)(he)著力(li)點，很難拿出創(chuang)造性的(de)(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)舉措。因此，黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)十八屆三中全會(hui)(hui)指出：“實現(xian)中華民族偉大復興(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)夢，必(bi)須(xu)在(zai)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史起點上全面(mian)深化(hua)改革(ge)”，必(bi)須(xu)“進一(yi)(yi)步解(jie)放思(si)(si)想(xiang)、解(jie)放和(he)(he)發(fa)展社(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)、解(jie)放和(he)(he)增(zeng)強社(she)會(hui)(hui)活(huo)力(li)，堅(jian)決(jue)破除各方面(mian)體制機制弊端”。
公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體、多(duo)種所(suo)有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)共同(tong)發(fa)展的(de)(de)基本經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)度，是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)重要支柱，也(ye)是(shi)社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市場經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)體制(zhi)的(de)(de)根基。改革開放以(yi)來，我國(guo)(guo)所(suo)有(you)制(zhi)結構逐(zhu)步調整，公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)和非公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)在發(fa)展經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)、促進就(jiu)業等方(fang)面的(de)(de)比重不(bu)斷(duan)變化，增強(qiang)了經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)社會(hui)發(fa)展活(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)。黨的(de)(de)十八屆三中(zhong)全(quan)會(hui)在《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央關于全(quan)面深化改革若干重大問題的(de)(de)決(jue)定(ding)》（以(yi)下(xia)簡稱《決(jue)定(ding)》）中(zhong)強(qiang)調：“必須毫不(bu)動(dong)搖鞏固和發(fa)展公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)，堅持公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)體地位，發(fa)揮國(guo)(guo)有(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)導(dao)作(zuo)用(yong)，不(bu)斷(duan)增強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)有(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)活(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)、控制(zhi)力(li)(li)、影響力(li)(li)。必須毫不(bu)動(dong)搖鼓(gu)勵、支持、引(yin)導(dao)非公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展，激發(fa)非公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)活(huo)(huo)力(li)(li)和創造(zao)力(li)(li)。”
行(xing)動(dong)最有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)說服力。黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)八大(da)以來(lai)，以習近(jin)平(ping)同志(zhi)為總書記的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)中(zhong)央(yang)堅持和(he)(he)(he)完善(shan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)體、多種所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)共同發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，用(yong)實(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舉措很好地(di)(di)詮釋了(le)“兩(liang)個毫不(bu)動(dong)搖”。首先，在(zai)(zai)(zai)功能定位(wei)上明(ming)確公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)組成(cheng)部(bu)分，都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)國經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)基(ji)礎。這(zhe)表明(ming)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)市(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)不(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)等(deng)(deng)競爭主(zhu)體，統一于(yu)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)初級階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)，也標志(zhi)著我(wo)們(men)黨(dang)(dang)對(dui)(dui)基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、對(dui)(dui)中(zhong)國特色(se)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展規律認識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深化。其次，在(zai)(zai)(zai)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)保護上明(ming)確提(ti)出公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)財(cai)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)可侵犯，非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)財(cai)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)同樣不(bu)可侵犯。這(zhe)大(da)大(da)深化了(le)基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵，消除了(le)在(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)地(di)(di)、資本(ben)、技術、信息(xi)、知(zhi)識(shi)等(deng)(deng)生產(chan)要(yao)素(su)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)因所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差別而帶來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏見，進而激(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)民(min)間投資的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大(da)潛力。再次，在(zai)(zai)(zai)政策待遇上強調(diao)堅持權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)平(ping)等(deng)(deng)、機(ji)會(hui)(hui)平(ping)等(deng)(deng)、規則平(ping)等(deng)(deng)，實(shi)(shi)行(xing)統一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)準入制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)，并鼓勵(li)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業參與國有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)，鼓勵(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資本(ben)控股的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業，鼓勵(li)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)條件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)私營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)企(qi)業建立現(xian)(xian)代企(qi)業制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)。最后，在(zai)(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)上引導農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)序(xu)流轉(zhuan)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展農(nong)(nong)(nong)業適度(du)(du)(du)規模(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。2013年(nian)12月23日，習近(jin)平(ping)在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)央(yang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)工作會(hui)(hui)議上指(zhi)出，改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)前，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)集(ji)(ji)體土(tu)地(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)合一，土(tu)地(di)(di)集(ji)(ji)體所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、集(ji)(ji)體統一經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。搞家庭聯(lian)產(chan)承(cheng)包(bao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，把土(tu)地(di)(di)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)承(cheng)包(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分開，所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)歸(gui)集(ji)(ji)體，承(cheng)包(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)歸(gui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)創新。“現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)，順(shun)應(ying)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)保留(liu)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、流轉(zhuan)土(tu)地(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan)，把農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)土(tu)地(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分為承(cheng)包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)承(cheng)包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分置(zhi)(zhi)并行(xing)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一次重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)創新。”2014年(nian)11月，中(zhong)央(yang)頒布(bu)了(le)《關于(yu)引導農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)序(xu)流轉(zhuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展農(nong)(nong)(nong)業適度(du)(du)(du)規模(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)見》，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一個時期(qi)內指(zhi)導我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)文件(jian)，進一步激(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活力，為農(nong)(nong)(nong)業增效、農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)增收、農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)繁榮注入強勁動(dong)力。
公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟和非(fei)公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟共同(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，為我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟社會發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)奠定(ding)了(le)堅實(shi)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)基(ji)礎(chu)，使(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟走上了(le)一條(tiao)快速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)軌(gui)道(dao)。到2015年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)，全國(guo)(guo)市場主體穩步(bu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，實(shi)有(you)(you)(you)戶(hu)數突(tu)破7000萬(wan)。2014年(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)至2015年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)，全國(guo)(guo)新(xin)(xin)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)市場主體1262.29萬(wan)戶(hu)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)16.60%，注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)資(zi)(zi)本（金）20.74萬(wan)億元，增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)86.53%；平(ping)均每天新(xin)(xin)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)1.06萬(wan)戶(hu)。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)產總量(liang)不斷(duan)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)，控制(zhi)(zhi)力(li)進一步(bu)增(zeng)(zeng)強，一大批(pi)(pi)極富活力(li)的(de)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)和國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)控股(gu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)脫(tuo)穎而出。根據財政(zheng)部的(de)數據，2014年(nian)(nian)1-12月(yue)(yue)，全國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)及(ji)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)控股(gu)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)累計(ji)實(shi)現(xian)營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)總收(shou)入480636.4 億元，同(tong)(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)4%。利潤總額(e)24765.4 億元，同(tong)(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)3.4%。截至2014 年(nian)(nian)12 月(yue)(yue)末，全國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)產總額(e)1021187.8 億元，同(tong)(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)12.1%。非(fei)公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟幾乎從(cong)零起(qi)步(bu)，經(jing)(jing)(jing)過蓬勃發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，其產值比(bi)(bi)重、勞動(dong)力(li)比(bi)(bi)重已占(zhan)半(ban)壁江山，一批(pi)(pi)現(xian)代化的(de)私(si)營(ying)(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)競(jing)相涌現(xian)，成為我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)重要(yao)的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)點(dian)。2015年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)，全國(guo)(guo)新(xin)(xin)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)內資(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)34.45萬(wan)戶(hu)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)38.17%，其中，私(si)營(ying)(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)32.94萬(wan)戶(hu)，增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)39.55%，外商投資(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)0.37萬(wan)戶(hu)，增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)6.77%。
全面深化改革必須“膽子要大、步子要穩”
我們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)、有(you)(you)立場、有(you)(you)原(yuan)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)特色社(she)(she)會主(zhu)義道(dao)路(lu)上不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)前(qian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)，而不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對社(she)(she)會主(zhu)義制(zhi)度(du)改(gai)(gai)(gai)弦易張。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)問題(ti)上頭腦必須十分清醒。當(dang)(dang)前(qian)，社(she)(she)會上關于改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)議論很多(duo)(duo)，“藥方(fang)(fang)”也(ye)很多(duo)(duo)。很多(duo)(duo)意見(jian)和(he)(he)建(jian)議值得深入(ru)思考，但也(ye)有(you)(you)些意見(jian)和(he)(he)建(jian)議偏(pian)于極端，一(yi)些敵對勢力(li)和(he)(he)別有(you)(you)用心的(de)(de)(de)(de)人也(ye)在(zai)(zai)那里搖(yao)旗吶喊、制(zhi)造輿論、混(hun)淆(xiao)視聽。對此，習(xi)近(jin)平(ping)(ping)強調，“問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實質是(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)什(shen)么、不(bu)(bu)(bu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)什(shen)么，有(you)(you)些不(bu)(bu)(bu)能改(gai)(gai)(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，再過多(duo)(duo)長時(shi)間也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)”。我們(men)(men)要(yao)(yao)增強政治定(ding)力(li)，堅守政治原(yuan)則(ze)和(he)(he)底線(xian)，決(jue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能在(zai)(zai)根本性問題(ti)上出現顛覆性錯誤。2014年2月7日(ri)，習(xi)近(jin)平(ping)(ping)在(zai)(zai)接受(shou)俄(e)羅(luo)斯電視臺(tai)專訪時(shi)指(zhi)出：“在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)這(zhe)樣一(yi)個(ge)擁(yong)有(you)(you)13億(yi)多(duo)(duo)人口的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家深化(hua)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)，絕非易事。”“我們(men)(men)膽(dan)子(zi)要(yao)(yao)大(da)、步子(zi)要(yao)(yao)穩(wen)。膽(dan)子(zi)要(yao)(yao)大(da)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)再難也(ye)要(yao)(yao)向(xiang)前(qian)推進(jin)，敢于擔當(dang)(dang)，敢于啃硬(ying)骨頭，敢于涉險灘。步子(zi)要(yao)(yao)穩(wen)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)準(zhun)，行駛一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)穩(wen)，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能犯顛覆性錯誤。”
公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)是(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)基礎(chu)，是(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)區別于資本(ben)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)的(de)本(ben)質特征(zheng)。保(bao)持全面(mian)深化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)沿著正確(que)的(de)方向前(qian)(qian)進，必須要堅(jian)持公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體地位。早在(zai)(zai)2004年5月，習近平(ping)在(zai)(zai)浙江工(gong)作期(qi)間就指(zhi)出：“市(shi)場競爭是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個動態過(guo)程，如果稍有(you)(you)懈(xie)怠，原有(you)(you)的(de)先發(fa)(fa)優(you)勢(shi)就會(hui)(hui)削弱(ruo)，已有(you)(you)的(de)比較優(you)勢(shi)也會(hui)(hui)失去。”公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)在(zai)(zai)市(shi)場競爭中(zhong)如何(he)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)揮優(you)勢(shi)，保(bao)持主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體地位，是(shi)當(dang)前(qian)(qian)黨和(he)社(she)會(hui)(hui)各界關注的(de)重(zhong)要問題(ti)。習近平(ping)在(zai)(zai)“關于《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央(yang)關于全面(mian)深化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)若干重(zhong)大問題(ti)的(de)決定》的(de)說明”中(zhong)指(zhi)出：“如何(he)更(geng)好體現(xian)和(he)堅(jian)持公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體地位，進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)探索基本(ben)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)有(you)(you)效實(shi)現(xian)形式，是(shi)擺在(zai)(zai)我們面(mian)前(qian)(qian)的(de)一(yi)(yi)個重(zhong)要課(ke)題(ti)。”他(ta)還指(zhi)出：“全會(hui)(hui)強(qiang)調必須毫不動搖鞏固和(he)發(fa)(fa)展公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)，堅(jian)持公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體地位，發(fa)(fa)揮國(guo)有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)導作用，不斷增強(qiang)國(guo)有(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)活(huo)力(li)、控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)、影(ying)響力(li)。”
黨的(de)十(shi)八大(da)以來，以習(xi)近平同志為(wei)總書記的(de)黨中央(yang)不僅強調了保證全面深(shen)化改革的(de)正確方向，堅(jian)持公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體地(di)位，而且探索了更好體現和堅(jian)持公(gong)有(you)制(zhi)經濟主(zhu)(zhu)體地(di)位的(de)有(you)效途徑。
進一(yi)步發展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)，即國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、集體資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)、非(fei)公(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)企(qi)業(ye)共同出(chu)(chu)(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)而相(xiang)互融合，不同所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)相(xiang)互間(jian)交(jiao)叉持股。十八屆(jie)三(san)中全(quan)會通(tong)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《決(jue)定》提出(chu)(chu)(chu)，“要(yao)積(ji)極(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)”，“混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)實現形式(shi)(shi)。”混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)既(ji)是(shi)多種所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制共同發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種實現形式(shi)(shi)，也有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)放大(da)功能、保值增值、提高競爭力(li)。習近(jin)平在“關(guan)于(yu)(yu)《中共中央關(guan)于(yu)(yu)全(quan)面(mian)深化(hua)改(gai)革(ge)若干重大(da)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)定》的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)明(ming)”中明(ming)確(que)指出(chu)(chu)(chu)，積(ji)極(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)“是(shi)新形勢下堅持公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)制主體地位，增強國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)活力(li)、控制力(li)、影響力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個有(you)(you)(you)效途徑和(he)必然選擇。”2014年3月9日，習近(jin)平在參加十二屆(jie)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)人大(da)二次會議(yi)安徽代表團(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)審議(yi)時指出(chu)(chu)(chu)，發展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)，基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)政策(ce)已明(ming)確(que)，關(guan)鍵是(shi)細(xi)則，成敗也在細(xi)則。發展(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)(you)制經(jing)濟(ji)，需要(yao)對(dui)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產管理體制和(he)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)授權經(jing)營體制進行(xing)(xing)改(gai)革(ge)，逐步將管企(qi)業(ye)為主轉(zhuan)變為管資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)為主，通(tong)過(guo)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)運作，使國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)能夠(gou)根(gen)據實現國(guo)(guo)家(jia)發展(zhan)(zhan)戰略目標和(he)改(gai)善全(quan)民福利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)，將其(qi)(qi)增量及(ji)時投(tou)向相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)和(he)企(qi)業(ye)，對(dui)其(qi)(qi)存量也能夠(gou)順(shun)利(li)地在相(xiang)關(guan)企(qi)業(ye)間(jian)及(ji)時轉(zhuan)移和(he)重組。
進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)深(shen)化國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改革(ge)(ge)，推動(dong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)完(wan)善現代企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)度。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)推進(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)現代化、保障人民共同利益的重(zhong)要(yao)力(li)量。經(jing)(jing)過多年(nian)改革(ge)(ge)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)總體上已(yi)經(jing)(jing)同市場經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)相融合。同時，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)也積累了一(yi)(yi)(yi)些問(wen)題、存在一(yi)(yi)(yi)些弊端，需要(yao)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)推進(jin)改革(ge)(ge)。黨的十(shi)八屆三中全(quan)(quan)會在《決定》中強(qiang)調(diao)，深(shen)化國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改革(ge)(ge)的重(zhong)點目標是(shi)規范經(jing)(jing)營決策(ce)、資產(chan)(chan)保值(zhi)增(zeng)值(zhi)、公平(ping)(ping)參與競(jing)爭(zheng)、提(ti)高(gao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)效(xiao)率、增(zeng)強(qiang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)活力(li)、承擔社(she)會責任。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)屬于全(quan)(quan)民所有，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改革(ge)(ge)必須堅持正確方向。早在2004年(nian)6月(yue)，習(xi)近平(ping)(ping)在談到(dao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改革(ge)(ge)時強(qiang)調(diao)“必須守(shou)住一(yi)(yi)(yi)條‘底線’，就是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要(yao)有效(xiao)防止國(guo)(guo)(guo)有資產(chan)(chan)流失”，為(wei)此提(ti)出要(yao)抓住的三個(ge)“關鍵(jian)環(huan)節”，即全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)規范、全(quan)(quan)方位公開(kai)(kai)、全(quan)(quan)社(she)會監督。2014年(nian)3月(yue)9日，習(xi)近平(ping)(ping)在參加十(shi)二(er)屆全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人大二(er)次會議(yi)安徽代表團(tuan)的審議(yi)時指出，要(yao)吸取過去國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)改革(ge)(ge)經(jing)(jing)驗和教訓，不能在一(yi)(yi)(yi)片改革(ge)(ge)聲浪中把國(guo)(guo)(guo)有資產(chan)(chan)變成牟(mou)取暴利的機會。改革(ge)(ge)關鍵(jian)是(shi)公開(kai)(kai)透明(ming)。
進(jin)一步深(shen)化(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)，把落實(shi)(shi)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、穩(wen)定農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、放(fang)(fang)活(huo)(huo)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)作(zuo)為(wei)基本(ben)遵(zun)循。土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)問題事(shi)(shi)關(guan)(guan)億萬農(nong)(nong)(nong)民切身利(li)益(yi)，事(shi)(shi)關(guan)(guan)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展全局。2013年12月23日，習近平在中(zhong)央農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)工作(zuo)會議上指出(chu)(chu)，“農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)是(shi)個大(da)事(shi)(shi)，涉及的(de)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)、包(bao)(bao)含的(de)利(li)益(yi)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)十(shi)分復雜(za)，必須審慎穩(wen)妥推(tui)進(jin)。不(bu)管怎么改(gai)(gai)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)把農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)垮了(le)(le)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)把耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)改(gai)(gai)少了(le)(le)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)把糧食(shi)產(chan)量改(gai)(gai)下去了(le)(le)，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)把農(nong)(nong)(nong)民利(li)益(yi)損害了(le)(le)。”要(yao)(yao)不(bu)斷探(tan)索農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)有(you)效實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)形式，落實(shi)(shi)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、穩(wen)定農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、放(fang)(fang)活(huo)(huo)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，加快構建以農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)家庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)為(wei)基礎、合(he)作(zuo)與聯合(he)為(wei)紐帶、社會化(hua)(hua)服(fu)務為(wei)支撐的(de)立體(ti)(ti)式復合(he)型現(xian)(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)。承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民家庭(ting)越(yue)來越(yue)多，土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)同(tong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)分離，成為(wei)我(wo)國農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)變化(hua)(hua)的(de)新(xin)趨勢。這一變化(hua)(hua)對完善農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)基本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)提出(chu)(chu)新(xin)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求。2014年11月20日，中(zhong)共中(zhong)央辦公廳、國務院辦公廳印發(fa)(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)《關(guan)(guan)于引導農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)有(you)序(xu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展農(nong)(nong)(nong)業適度(du)(du)規模(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)意見》，明確(que)提出(chu)(chu)：“堅(jian)(jian)持農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，穩(wen)定農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶(hu)(hu)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，放(fang)(fang)活(huo)(huo)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，以家庭(ting)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)為(wei)基礎，推(tui)進(jin)家庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、集(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、合(he)作(zuo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、企(qi)業經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)等多種經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)方式共同(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。”在堅(jian)(jian)持土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)所(suo)有(you)的(de)前提下，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)三權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)分置，是(shi)引導土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有(you)序(xu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)基礎。實(shi)(shi)踐證明，土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)流(liu)(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)和適度(du)(du)規模(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)是(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展現(xian)(xian)代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業的(de)必由之路，我(wo)們應從我(wo)國人多地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)少、農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)情(qing)況千差(cha)萬別的(de)實(shi)(shi)際出(chu)(chu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)，積極穩(wen)妥地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)推(tui)進(jin)，才能(neng)(neng)真正(zheng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)建設的(de)宏偉藍(lan)圖。
（本文章摘(zhai)自2015年《前線》第4期，作者：中國人民大(da)學馬克(ke)思(si)主義(yi)學院教授）