文章來源：經(jing)濟參考報 發布時(shi)間：2021-07-06
新(xin)(xin)基建風口下，各(ge)(ge)路(lu)資(zi)本、各(ge)(ge)方(fang)人馬涌入充電樁行業(ye)(ye)，能否破解其盈利困境？未(wei)來(lai)行業(ye)(ye)發展的方(fang)向是什么？近日，國網電動汽車(che)服務(wu)有限公司（以下簡稱國網電動汽車(che)公司）董(dong)事長、黨委書記全(quan)生(sheng)明(ming)表示，今(jin)年以來(lai)，疫(yi)情(qing)加劇(ju)了充電樁行業(ye)(ye)的盈利難(nan)度，但新(xin)(xin)基建等一(yi)系列政策出臺給這一(yi)行業(ye)(ye)打了一(yi)針強心劑(ji)。
據透露(lu)，作(zuo)為充(chong)換電(dian)行業的國家隊，國網電(dian)動汽車(che)公司正在加快(kuai)構建“全國充(chong)電(dian)一張網”。預計到2020年底，平臺(tai)將實現注冊(ce)用戶數(shu)突破500萬(wan)(wan)，累計接(jie)入充(chong)電(dian)樁100萬(wan)(wan)根，年充(chong)電(dian)量達到15億千瓦(wa)時(shi)。
充換電行業盈利難度加大
近年來，在各方共同努力下，我國新(xin)能源汽(qi)車進入加速發展的新(xin)階段(duan)。作為其不(bu)可或缺的配套產(chan)業，充換(huan)電行業也取得了(le)巨大進步。
根(gen)據中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)設施(shi)促(cu)進聯盟統計，截至今(jin)年5月，全國(guo)(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)設施(shi)累(lei)計數量(liang)為129.9萬(wan)臺，同比增加33.1%。其中(zhong)公(gong)共充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁保(bao)(bao)有(you)量(liang)55萬(wan)臺，私人充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁保(bao)(bao)有(you)量(liang)74.9萬(wan)臺。“可以(yi)說(shuo)，充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)設施(shi)的建設為滿(man)足充(chong)電(dian)(dian)需求做出了(le)(le)突(tu)出貢(gong)獻，有(you)力保(bao)(bao)障了(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)新能源汽(qi)車(che)產業的快速發展。”全生(sheng)明稱。
但他表示，由于(yu)目(mu)前(qian)新能(neng)源汽車在整體(ti)汽車存量中占比仍然較(jiao)(jiao)小，充換電(dian)行業普遍存在項目(mu)投入大、落地難、回(hui)收(shou)周(zhou)期長(chang)等問題，加(jia)之(zhi)設施平均利(li)用率(lv)低、市場競爭激烈，各平臺尚(shang)未實現完全互聯互通，運營(ying)商(shang)缺乏流量變現手段等因素，導(dao)致(zhi)充換電(dian)行業盈利(li)比較(jiao)(jiao)困難。特別是今年(nian)(nian)以來，受(shou)疫情影響，私家車、運營(ying)車等各類(lei)車輛充電(dian)需求(qiu)驟(zou)降，各充換電(dian)運營(ying)商(shang)上(shang)半年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)充電(dian)電(dian)量、服(fu)務費收(shou)入顯(xian)著降低，在盈利(li)方(fang)式(shi)單一、缺乏其他增值(zhi)服(fu)務收(shou)入的(de)(de)情況下，進一步(bu)加(jia)劇了(le)行業盈利(li)難度。
全生明說，目前充換(huan)電行(xing)(xing)業(ye)還存在設施分布不均衡、互聯互通廣度和深(shen)度不夠、智能(neng)化(hua)和互動化(hua)水(shui)平不高等問(wen)題，同時社區(qu)建樁難、數量少(shao)、利用率(lv)低，影(ying)響(xiang)了新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)車(che)主用車(che)體驗和獲得感，充電樁體系建設亟(ji)(ji)待加(jia)強，充換(huan)電行(xing)(xing)業(ye)亟(ji)(ji)須更(geng)多的政策支持和指導。
迎來新基建政策春風
全生(sheng)(sheng)明認為，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁被納入(ru)新基建及一系列相關支持(chi)政策的(de)出臺(tai)，彰顯(xian)了國家(jia)支持(chi)新能源汽車(che)及充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)產業發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)決(jue)心(xin)，這(zhe)將有(you)效解決(jue)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)難題、促進(jin)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)產業加快發展(zhan)(zhan)，對拉動電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)產業走出短期底部、保障行(xing)業行(xing)穩致遠(yuan)、更好(hao)(hao)滿足人民美好(hao)(hao)生(sheng)(sheng)活需要，具(ju)有(you)重要意義。同時(shi)，這(zhe)也(ye)給充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)行(xing)業打(da)了一針強心(xin)劑，有(you)利于設備制造商、運營(ying)(ying)商等產業鏈上下游企業發展(zhan)(zhan)，提(ti)升(sheng)核心(xin)技術與(yu)創新能力(li)；有(you)利于吸引更多(duo)的(de)社會資(zi)本進(jin)入(ru)充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)領域，營(ying)(ying)造共(gong)建共(gong)營(ying)(ying)的(de)良好(hao)(hao)發展(zhan)(zhan)局面；有(you)利于補齊行(xing)業發展(zhan)(zhan)短板，提(ti)振(zhen)老百(bai)姓對新能源汽車(che)的(de)消費信(xin)心(xin)，助力(li)行(xing)業長遠(yuan)發展(zhan)(zhan)和國家(jia)戰略落地。
注意(yi)到，最終(zhong)表決通(tong)過的(de)《政府工作(zuo)報(bao)告》將此前“建設(she)充電(dian)樁”的(de)表述修改(gai)為“增加充電(dian)樁、換電(dian)站(zhan)等設(she)施”。
在全生明看(kan)來，換電(dian)(dian)站作(zuo)為新(xin)基建(jian)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要組成部分第(di)一次被寫入《政府工作(zuo)報告》，一方(fang)面意味著國家對換電(dian)(dian)技術創新(xin)的(de)(de)認可(ke)，對車電(dian)(dian)分離發(fa)展(zhan)道路的(de)(de)肯定；另一方(fang)面,就電(dian)(dian)動車使用(yong)而(er)言，換電(dian)(dian)不僅是相同規格電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)快速更換，更緩解了當下電(dian)(dian)動車補能(neng)速度(du)慢(man)、續(xu)航不可(ke)升級(ji)、二手車殘值(zhi)低等問題。
他(ta)認(ren)為(wei)，根據目(mu)前行(xing)(xing)業(ye)整體發(fa)(fa)(fa)展情況及技(ji)術變革趨(qu)勢判斷(duan)，未來充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)將(jiang)(jiang)向規(gui)模化(hua)、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化(hua)、互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)、網聯化(hua)、共享化(hua)方向發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。首(shou)先(xian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)在一(yi)定(ding)程度上具有(you)網絡經(jing)(jing)濟的(de)(de)特(te)(te)點，平(ping)臺(tai)效應、規(gui)模效應突出，目(mu)前已(yi)經(jing)(jing)形成國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、特(te)(te)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、星星充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)大(da)型(xing)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)商(shang)為(wei)主導、中小微運(yun)(yun)營(ying)商(shang)為(wei)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)市(shi)場格局，未來有(you)望(wang)進一(yi)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)平(ping)臺(tai)整合(he)(he)作用(yong)，促進不同運(yun)(yun)營(ying)商(shang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)之間的(de)(de)深度互(hu)聯互(hu)通，打造“全國(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)張網”的(de)(de)格局；其次(ci)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車技(ji)術水(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)不斷(duan)提(ti)升，進一(yi)步(bu)引導充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術向智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化(hua)方向發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，以即(ji)插(cha)即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、大(da)功(gong)率充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、自動(dong)(dong)(dong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)為(wei)代表的(de)(de)技(ji)術創新將(jiang)(jiang)成為(wei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力。同時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化(hua)、網聯化(hua)水(shui)平(ping)提(ti)升，將(jiang)(jiang)進一(yi)步(bu)促進個(ge)人樁(zhuang)共享，提(ti)高社區充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)利用(yong)率、降低充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)使(shi)用(yong)成本(ben)。第三，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展與(yu)(yu)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展緊密相(xiang)連，有(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、V2G、負(fu)荷聚合(he)(he)等(deng)車網互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展與(yu)(yu)應用(yong)，將(jiang)(jiang)進一(yi)步(bu)挖掘(jue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車移動(dong)(dong)(dong)儲能(neng)(neng)價值，促進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車與(yu)(yu)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)深度融合(he)(he)、互(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。此外，利用(yong)負(fu)荷聚合(he)(he)技(ji)術開(kai)展綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交易，聚合(he)(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷參與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網輔助(zhu)服務，將(jiang)(jiang)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)實現新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，促進清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消納(na)，助(zhu)力能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉型(xing)。
加快打造“全國充電一張網”
近期以來，北(bei)京、上海、江蘇(su)等多個地方都先后(hou)出臺了充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)建(jian)設方案(an)。而(er)國網(wang)電(dian)(dian)動汽車公司也(ye)在加(jia)碼布(bu)局這(zhe)一賽道，今(jin)年將安排27億元(yuan)投資充電(dian)(dian)設施建(jian)設，新增充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)7.8萬個。
“爭做(zuo)投資(zi)建(jian)設(she)的帶(dai)動者(zhe)，主動對接各地方新能(neng)源汽車產業發展需求，持續完善公(gong)共、專用充電設(she)施建(jian)設(she)布局(ju)，加快社(she)區智(zhi)能(neng)有序充電設(she)施發展，多措并舉引導社(she)會資(zi)本積(ji)極參(can)與充電設(she)施建(jian)設(she)。” 全生明表示。
在加大(da)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)力度的(de)同(tong)時，國網(wang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車公司還(huan)致力于(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)服(fu)務(wu)最優、接(jie)入最多(duo)、流量(liang)最大(da)的(de)智(zhi)慧(hui)車聯(lian)網(wang)平臺，截至(zhi)目前，注(zhu)冊用(yong)戶數接(jie)近300萬，接(jie)入充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁總數超過(guo)49萬根。更重要的(de)是依托這一平臺，廣泛聚(ju)合充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁資源，推(tui)動(dong)新(xin)能(neng)源汽車深度融入電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統，創新(xin)服(fu)務(wu)產(chan)品與商業(ye)(ye)模式，吸引(yin)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)合作伙伴共(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)共(gong)享，構建(jian)(jian)(jian)新(xin)能(neng)源汽車服(fu)務(wu)生態圈。同(tong)時，爭做技術創新(xin)的(de)先行(xing)者，搭建(jian)(jian)(jian)國家(jia)級(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)技術創新(xin)平臺，推(tui)動(dong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)施智(zhi)能(neng)化(hua)、網(wang)聯(lian)化(hua)發展，攻堅大(da)功率(lv)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)、V2G等關(guan)鍵技術，牽(qian)頭開展行(xing)業(ye)(ye)、國家(jia)、國際標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)制(zhi)修訂，實現標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)引(yin)領、技術引(yin)領。
邀請符合條件的合伙人一同共(gong)建共(gong)享充電(dian)樁(zhuang)，向中小充電(dian)運(yun)營(ying)商(shang)提供運(yun)營(ying)平臺，與(yu)寶馬等公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)開啟戰略合作(zuo)……一系列(lie)不同于(yu)以(yi)往的動作(zuo)背后是國網電(dian)動汽車公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)全新的謀劃。
“這些舉(ju)措一(yi)是引導市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)方(fang)向(xiang)，實現各企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)作(zuo)共贏；二是盤活市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)資源(yuan)(yuan)，帶動(dong)電動(dong)汽車新能源(yuan)(yuan)行業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)；三(san)是激(ji)勵整個產業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)相(xiang)關行業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。”全(quan)生明表示(shi)，合(he)(he)作(zuo)建(jian)樁業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)將帶動(dong)基建(jian)施工(gong)、生產制(zhi)造和大數據業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)在橫向(xiang)和縱向(xiang)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，為(wei)培(pei)育(yu)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生態環境(jing)奠定堅實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。同時，有利于(yu)全(quan)社會產業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)更(geng)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分工(gong)協作(zuo)，降低(di)全(quan)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)(he)建(jian)站成本(ben)，為(wei)中小運(yun)營商(shang)進行減負。此(ci)外，以(yi)平(ping)臺(tai)作(zuo)為(wei)樞紐，整合(he)(he)樁企、運(yun)營商(shang)及充(chong)(chong)電用戶(hu)資源(yuan)(yuan)，降低(di)整個充(chong)(chong)電樁行業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營成本(ben)，達到(dao)多方(fang)面推動(dong)充(chong)(chong)電市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)向(xiang)好發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，拉動(dong)幕后產業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)效益增長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
【責任(ren)編(bian)輯：趙藝涵】