文章來源：經濟日報 發布時(shi)間：2019-12-06
改革(ge)開放40年(nian)來，民(min)營經(jing)濟(ji)已經(jing)成為(wei)推動(dong)我國經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)不(bu)可或缺的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要力量，成為(wei)創(chuang)業就業的(de)主要領(ling)域、技術創(chuang)新的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要載體(ti)、國家稅收的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要來源。民(min)營經(jing)濟(ji)是(shi)社(she)會主義(yi)(yi)市場(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要成果(guo)，是(shi)推動(dong)社(she)會主義(yi)(yi)市場(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要力量，是(shi)推進供給側結構性(xing)改革(ge)、推動(dong)高質量發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、建設(she)現代化(hua)經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)系的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要主體(ti)。
建(jian)設現代化經(jing)濟體(ti)系，應進一步創新國有企業(ye)與民(min)營(ying)企業(ye)合作形式，著眼于兩者的(de)協作協調發展，構(gou)筑(zhu)國有民(min)營(ying)高質量協同發展的(de)新格局。
一是全(quan)力提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)國(guo)(guo)有民(min)營協同的資(zi)(zi)(zi)源配(pei)置效率。在重要(yao)基礎(chu)設施和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)家安全(quan)領域，國(guo)(guo)有經濟要(yao)牢(lao)(lao)牢(lao)(lao)占據主導地位，壯(zhuang)大國(guo)(guo)有經濟，同時(shi)可探索允(yun)許民(min)營經濟適(shi)當參(can)股入股的路徑，如作財務投資(zi)(zi)(zi)者，按股比(bi)享受紅利分配(pei)而(er)不參(can)與(yu)企(qi)業管理和(he)(he)生產經營，發揮民(min)企(qi)參(can)與(yu)建(jian)設的積(ji)極性，盤活民(min)營資(zi)(zi)(zi)本，進而(er)放大國(guo)(guo)有資(zi)(zi)(zi)本功能，提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)國(guo)(guo)有民(min)營的協同程度(du)；在完全(quan)競爭領域，堅持市(shi)場(chang)取(qu)向，優(you)(you)勝劣汰。在市(shi)場(chang)失靈方面(mian)，政府可根(gen)據市(shi)場(chang)反饋精準識(shi)別具有動(dong)態(tai)比(bi)較(jiao)優(you)(you)勢和(he)(he)技術(shu)創新優(you)(you)勢的國(guo)(guo)有或(huo)民(min)營企(qi)業，擇強選好配(pei)優(you)(you)，通過政策引導優(you)(you)化(hua)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源配(pei)置結(jie)構。同時(shi)，建(jian)立動(dong)態(tai)的退出(chu)機制，創新企(qi)業主動(dong)、市(shi)場(chang)撬動(dong)、政府推動(dong)的三元聯動(dong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源配(pei)置形式，深化(hua)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本配(pei)置程度(du)。
二(er)是全(quan)力優化(hua)國(guo)(guo)有民(min)營協同(tong)的(de)(de)政策(ce)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)。第一(yi)(yi)，完善市場平等(deng)準(zhun)入機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)。盡快制(zhi)定和出(chu)臺(tai)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)和民(min)企(qi)市場準(zhun)入“正負面清單”，堅(jian)持(chi)正面清單平等(deng)進入、平等(deng)競爭、平等(deng)審核、平等(deng)待遇(yu)，負面清單嚴(yan)格(ge)審查、嚴(yan)格(ge)管理(li)(li)和嚴(yan)格(ge)禁(jin)入。第二(er)，建立(li)協同(tong)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)創(chuang)造(zao)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)。依托市場建立(li)國(guo)(guo)有和民(min)營協同(tong)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)平臺(tai)，配(pei)套協同(tong)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)基(ji)金、創(chuang)造(zao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險基(ji)金鼓(gu)勵(li)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)科(ke)技創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)，將技術、人(ren)才、資(zi)(zi)(zi)金等(deng)要素資(zi)(zi)(zi)源整合集聚(ju)，提高要素資(zi)(zi)(zi)源的(de)(de)流(liu)動性和使(shi)用(yong)效(xiao)率，形(xing)成技術協同(tong)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)、成果均衡分配(pei)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，充(chong)(chong)分發揮(hui)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)溢出(chu)效(xiao)應，促(cu)進民(min)企(qi)技術革新(xin)(xin)(xin)；積極發揮(hui)民(min)企(qi)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)能力、示(shi)范和帶動作用(yong)，提升國(guo)(guo)企(qi)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)動力。第三，優化(hua)金融(rong)特別支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)政策(ce)。一(yi)(yi)方面，深化(hua)普(pu)惠(hui)金融(rong)供給(gei)側改革，商業金融(rong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構應精(jing)準(zhun)識(shi)別有創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能力、技術實(shi)力、市場潛力的(de)(de)民(min)企(qi)，優化(hua)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險控制(zhi)標準(zhun)，可(ke)與其(qi)主業有緊(jin)密關(guan)聯的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)有資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)、各類(lei)基(ji)金（保(bao)險、證券(quan)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)投、私募）或其(qi)他社(she)會資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)共(gong)同(tong)成立(li)民(min)企(qi)發展特別基(ji)金，分散資(zi)(zi)(zi)金供給(gei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險；另一(yi)(yi)方面，創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)民(min)營企(qi)業債券(quan)融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)工具形(xing)式(shi)，加強全(quan)過程風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險管理(li)(li)，充(chong)(chong)分利用(yong)信用(yong)擔(dan)保(bao)、債權抵押、股權質押、信用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險緩釋等(deng)工具，創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)關(guan)聯擔(dan)保(bao)、混(hun)改企(qi)業聯合擔(dan)保(bao)等(deng)形(xing)式(shi)強化(hua)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)，利用(yong)大數(shu)據、“互聯網+”實(shi)施市場化(hua)、專(zhuan)業化(hua)的(de)(de)全(quan)過程風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險精(jing)準(zhun)管理(li)(li)，著力防范化(hua)解資(zi)(zi)(zi)金供給(gei)、使(shi)用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險。
三是(shi)全(quan)力(li)打造(zao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)協同的(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)融合(he)格局。以(yi)著眼于構(gou)建完整產(chan)(chan)業鏈條(tiao)、優(you)(you)化(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)業布局、建設(she)現代(dai)產(chan)(chan)業體系和(he)(he)完善企(qi)(qi)(qi)業治(zhi)理結(jie)構(gou)、提升治(zhi)理能力(li)、健全(quan)現代(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業制(zhi)度等宏(hong)微觀相結(jie)合(he)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)為目標，深化(hua)(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)聯(lian)合(he)、混(hun)(hun)合(he)的(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)制(zhi)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)互(hu)補、特色鮮明、機(ji)制(zhi)靈活、結(jie)構(gou)多元(yuan)、身份平(ping)等、分配公平(ping)的(de)混(hun)(hun)合(he)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經濟。一方(fang)面，打造(zao)“國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)+”、“民(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)+”的(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)格局，探(tan)索國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)混(hun)(hun)改納入上下游有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)條(tiao)件的(de)關聯(lian)民(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)中小企(qi)(qi)(qi)業的(de)路徑，以(yi)大帶(dai)小；尋求大型龍頭民(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)股權多元(yuan)化(hua)(hua)優(you)(you)先納入有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)條(tiao)件的(de)關聯(lian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)，以(yi)強(qiang)扶弱，推動(dong)(dong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)在更多領(ling)域、更大范圍內形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)雙(shuang)向(xiang)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)的(de)新氣象，推動(dong)(dong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)經濟在更廣時空、更深層次(ci)上形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)“你(ni)中有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)我、我中有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)你(ni)”的(de)新局面。另(ling)一方(fang)面，創新國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)形(xing)(xing)式。運用市場機(ji)制(zhi)讓國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)“攀親結(jie)對”，主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)精(jing)準對接(jie)和(he)(he)相互(hu)遴選，更好發(fa)(fa)揮政府牽線搭橋、鼓勵(li)幫扶、跟(gen)蹤服務、解(jie)憂排難的(de)作用，支持業務領(ling)域相近、發(fa)(fa)展方(fang)向(xiang)相似(si)、優(you)(you)勢(shi)(shi)互(hu)補較強(qiang)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)民(min)(min)(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)優(you)(you)先混(hun)(hun)合(he)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)“精(jing)準遴選—優(you)(you)先混(hun)(hun)合(he)—托底共濟”的(de)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)新方(fang)式，實現國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)經濟的(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)效融合(he)和(he)(he)高效協同。
四是全力(li)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)民(min)營協(xie)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)。通過混合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革(ge)，完善國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度、優(you)化(hua)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)結構(gou)，進而加強兩(liang)者現(xian)代(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)協(xie)同(tong)(tong)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)力(li)度。首先，以(yi)轉變管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)(nian)為(wei)基本前提(ti)。破(po)除責(ze)(ze)權(quan)利不明(ming)、內部人控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、家族式(shi)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、家長式(shi)決策(ce)等(deng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)障礙，倡導產權(quan)清晰、責(ze)(ze)權(quan)明(ming)確、管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)專業(ye)、決策(ce)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)(nian)。其次，以(yi)建(jian)(jian)立現(xian)代(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)抓手。要(yao)(yao)清晰界定混合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革(ge)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)產權(quan)和利益分(fen)(fen)配(pei)結構(gou)，科(ke)學(xue)(xue)劃分(fen)(fen)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)責(ze)(ze)邊界，充分(fen)(fen)吸收國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)特(te)長，補上民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)缺(que)失的(de)(de)(de)“短板”，形成相(xiang)互協(xie)調有(you)力(li)、決策(ce)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衡有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)結構(gou)；要(yao)(yao)加強市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)建(jian)(jian)設，學(xue)(xue)習借鑒民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)參與市(shi)場(chang)競爭、靈(ling)活(huo)經(jing)營的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗，探索選(xuan)人用人市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)、激勵約束機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)、考核(he)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)標(biao)(biao)準化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，提(ti)升國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)化(hua)程度。再次，以(yi)完善現(xian)代(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)根本目標(biao)(biao)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)和民(min)企(qi)(qi)(qi)要(yao)(yao)以(yi)混合(he)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)股權(quan)多(duo)樣化(hua)和主(zhu)體多(duo)元化(hua)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)為(wei)契機(ji)(ji)，建(jian)(jian)立從治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)念(nian)(nian)方式(shi)優(you)化(hua)、體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)完善到治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)目標(biao)(biao)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)、治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)效(xiao)(xiao)率提(ti)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)全過程的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度和治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)，提(ti)升治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)水平(ping)和治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)能力(li)，進而構(gou)筑高(gao)質量的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)民(min)營協(xie)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)新經(jing)濟格(ge)局。（重(zhong)慶國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)投(tou)資(zi)咨詢集團(tuan)智庫(ku)研究中心 楊樹維 李培）
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