文章來源(yuan)：學習時(shi)報(bao) 發布時(shi)間：2021-06-03
黨的(de)(de)十九屆四(si)中全會提(ti)出(chu)，堅持和完(wan)善社會主(zhu)義基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，推(tui)動經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)高質量發展(zhan)(zhan)。混合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，是以公有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)體、多種所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)共同(tong)發展(zhan)(zhan)這一基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)重要實(shi)現形(xing)式。發展(zhan)(zhan)混合所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，既是完(wan)善基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)內在要求，也是夯實(shi)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度微觀基(ji)(ji)礎，使基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度運行更加成熟有效的(de)(de)保證。
混合所有制經濟是基本經濟制度的重要實現形式
習近平總書記在黨(dang)的(de)十八屆三中全會(hui)指出，“要積極發(fa)(fa)展混(hun)合(he)(he)所有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)，強調(diao)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)、集體(ti)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)、非公有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)等交叉(cha)持股、相互融合(he)(he)的(de)混(hun)合(he)(he)所有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)，是基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)度的(de)重(zhong)要實現(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)，有(you)(you)(you)利于國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)放大(da)功(gong)能、保值增值、提高競爭力(li)。這是新形(xing)勢下(xia)堅持公有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)主體(ti)地位，增強國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)經(jing)濟(ji)活力(li)、控制(zhi)力(li)、影響力(li)的(de)一個有(you)(you)(you)效途徑和(he)必然選擇”。這一重(zhong)要論斷首次將混(hun)合(he)(he)所有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)提升到(dao)基(ji)本(ben)經(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)度重(zhong)要實現(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)的(de)高度，充分肯(ken)定了發(fa)(fa)展混(hun)合(he)(he)所有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)目(mu)的(de)、意義、地位和(he)作用，為完(wan)善(shan)我國(guo)(guo)所有(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)結(jie)構指明了方向。
把混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)確定為(wei)(wei)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，既(ji)是(shi)對(dui)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)運行經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)結，也(ye)體(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)我黨對(dui)公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結合(he)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)認識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新高(gao)度(du)。十五大報告(gao)提(ti)出(chu)混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)概念，并(bing)指出(chu)要(yao)全(quan)面認識(shi)公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含義，混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國有(you)(you)成分(fen)和集(ji)體(ti)成分(fen)也(ye)屬于公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。十六屆三(san)中全(quan)會(hui)(hui)提(ti)出(chu)大力發展(zhan)混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)股份(fen)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成為(wei)(wei)公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。十七大提(ti)出(chu)以現(xian)(xian)(xian)代產(chan)權制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)為(wei)(wei)基礎，發展(zhan)混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。十八屆三(san)中全(quan)會(hui)(hui)進一步把混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)提(ti)高(gao)到基本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)重(zhong)要(yao)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新高(gao)度(du)。經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)過多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探索和創新，我國不(bu)(bu)但(dan)找到了(le)(le)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)條件下公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，也(ye)深化了(le)(le)對(dui)公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)各自(zi)性(xing)質以及二者結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識(shi)。混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)離了(le)(le)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)權和經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營權，企業(ye)法人產(chan)權相(xiang)對(dui)獨(du)立，不(bu)(bu)受(shou)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)質影響，在企業(ye)按照市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規則運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)保(bao)持各方(fang)(fang)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨(du)立性(xing)，因(yin)而(er)在混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企業(ye)中，公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)與私有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)不(bu)(bu)再相(xiang)互對(dui)立，而(er)且相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成、取(qu)長補短、相(xiang)互促進、共同(tong)發展(zhan)，有(you)(you)效化解了(le)(le)對(dui)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)競爭(zheng)可(ke)能損害公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擔憂(you)，從機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上保(bao)證了(le)(le)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)過程(cheng)中公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)地位。從公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)上升為(wei)(wei)基本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，表明混(hun)合(he)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)但(dan)是(shi)公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)是(shi)社會(hui)(hui)主義非公(gong)有(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實現(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，是(shi)一種帶有(you)(you)社會(hui)(hui)主義市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)特色(se)且具有(you)(you)顯著優勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)主義生(sheng)產(chan)組織形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，是(shi)新時(shi)代社會(hui)(hui)主義市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)方(fang)(fang)向。
發展混合所有制經濟要糾正錯誤認識
當(dang)前社會上(shang)有一些(xie)關于混(hun)合(he)(he)所有制(zhi)經濟(ji)的錯(cuo)誤言論。這些(xie)言論誤導(dao)輿論，對混(hun)合(he)(he)所有制(zhi)經濟(ji)發展(zhan)造成(cheng)很(hen)大困擾，必須加以澄清和糾(jiu)正。
這些錯誤(wu)(wu)言論的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否定社(she)會(hui)(hui)主義市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，把公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)和民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)對立(li)(li)起來，認(ren)為只有(you)(you)(you)(you)私有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)才是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天生(sheng)一對，公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)無法(fa)(fa)兼容。當前一些前期通過高(gao)負債擴張較快的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)企在(zai)流(liu)動(dong)(dong)性上遇(yu)到(dao)困難(nan)(nan)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企幫助(zhu)民(min)(min)企渡(du)過難(nan)(nan)關，不(bu)僅不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)“誰(shui)(shui)進誰(shui)(shui)退”的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，相反(fan)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企和民(min)(min)企之間的(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)密切合(he)作正(zheng)反(fan)映出(chu)(chu)混(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)互補優勢(shi)。民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)企業(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)狀況好(hao)了(le)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)也可以(yi)(yi)(yi)退出(chu)(chu)。反(fan)過來，如(ru)果國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)遇(yu)到(dao)困難(nan)(nan)，也可以(yi)(yi)(yi)通過民(min)(min)企的(de)(de)(de)參與激(ji)發(fa)(fa)活力、提高(gao)效率。今天推行的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革，既(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)入股(gu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企，也有(you)(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)入股(gu)民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)企業(ye)(ye)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)和民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)合(he)資(zi)(zi)設(she)立(li)(li)新企業(ye)(ye)。無論哪種(zhong)形式，均遵(zun)循(xun)市場(chang)原則，各方(fang)平等(deng)自愿，股(gu)權可以(yi)(yi)(yi)市場(chang)化交易和退出(chu)(chu)，股(gu)東按照占股(gu)比例(li)依法(fa)(fa)管理企業(ye)(ye)，不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)誰(shui)(shui)領導誰(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，企業(ye)(ye)利潤也按照股(gu)份進行分(fen)配。民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)合(he)作是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為了(le)追求更多的(de)(de)(de)利益，實現更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。隨著混(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革的(de)(de)(de)推進，軍工、電信、民(min)(min)航(hang)、能源等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)壟斷(duan)領域加大開放力度，民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)走向更加廣闊的(de)(de)(de)舞(wu)臺，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)隨之發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)壯大。因此，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)混(hun)合(he)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)進民(min)(min)退”，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)共進”；不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)私合(he)營(ying)(ying)(ying)”，誰(shui)(shui)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)誰(shui)(shui)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“合(he)作共贏(ying)”。 糾(jiu)正(zheng)錯誤(wu)(wu)認(ren)識(shi)要提高(gao)政治(zhi)站位，正(zheng)確認(ren)識(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主義市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)性質。以(yi)(yi)(yi)習(xi)近(jin)平同(tong)志為核(he)(he)心的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)中(zhong)央高(gao)度重視(shi)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，反(fan)復強調“兩(liang)個毫不(bu)動(dong)(dong)搖”“三個沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)變”，但同(tong)時(shi)也對非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)士(shi)成(cheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)提出(chu)(chu)要求。習(xi)近(jin)平總(zong)書記(ji)在(zai)高(gao)度肯定非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)，指出(chu)(chu)“非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)要健(jian)康發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，前提是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)(fei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)士(shi)要健(jian)康成(cheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)”。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)走中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色(se)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主義道(dao)路，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主義市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)。市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)治(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)(ji)，社(she)會(hui)(hui)主義必(bi)須(xu)堅持(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主體地位，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色(se)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主義最本(ben)(ben)質的(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共產(chan)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)領導。民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)企業(ye)(ye)必(bi)須(xu)守法(fa)(fa)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)(ying)，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任何企業(ye)(ye)都(dou)必(bi)須(xu)遵(zun)守的(de)(de)(de)市場(chang)規(gui)則，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)遠發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之道(dao)。民(min)(min)營(ying)(ying)(ying)企業(ye)(ye)家要服從中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共產(chan)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)領導，踐行社(she)會(hui)(hui)主義核(he)(he)心價(jia)值觀，遵(zun)紀(ji)守法(fa)(fa)。
深化國企改革，推動混合所有制經濟向縱深發展
當前發(fa)展混(hun)合所有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)的關鍵(jian)是國企混(hun)合所有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)。混(hun)改(gai)重點在(zai)“改(gai)”不(bu)在(zai)“混(hun)”。相比于“混(hun)資本(ben)”，“改(gai)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”難(nan)度要(yao)大得多。習(xi)近(jin)平總書(shu)記指出，“發(fa)展混(hun)合所有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經濟(ji)，基本(ben)政(zheng)策已明確，關鍵(jian)是細則，成敗也(ye)在(zai)細則”。要(yao)通過制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定、完善(shan)和落實好(hao)細則，明確預期，催生動力，破(po)解(jie)混(hun)改(gai)中(zhong)遇到的難(nan)題。
一是要明確混合(he)所有(you)制企(qi)業(ye)公(gong)司(si)治理原(yuan)則(ze)，破除(chu)非(fei)公(gong)有(you)制企(qi)業(ye)參與混改的擔憂。堅持以(yi)(yi)資本(ben)為紐帶、以(yi)(yi)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)為基礎的公(gong)司(si)治理原(yuan)則(ze)。國有(you)股(gu)(gu)(gu)東要按照市場化(hua)(hua)規則(ze)，以(yi)(yi)股(gu)(gu)(gu)東角色和身份參與企(qi)業(ye)決策和經營管(guan)理，通過股(gu)(gu)(gu)東（大(da)）會表(biao)決、推(tui)薦(jian)董事(shi)和監事(shi)等方式行(xing)(xing)使(shi)股(gu)(gu)(gu)東權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)，避(bi)免“行(xing)(xing)政化(hua)(hua)”“機關化(hua)(hua)”管(guan)控。企(qi)業(ye)黨組織行(xing)(xing)使(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)力也要遵循(xun)這(zhe)一原(yuan)則(ze)。要完善制度(du)細(xi)則(ze)，有(you)效規范大(da)股(gu)(gu)(gu)東行(xing)(xing)為，切實(shi)平等保護混合(he)所有(you)制企(qi)業(ye)各類(lei)出資人的合(he)法產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)益。
二是明(ming)確(que)(que)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)模式。對(dui)于混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，要(yao)建(jian)立有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)別于國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)獨(du)資(zi)、全資(zi)公(gong)司(si)的(de)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)機(ji)制和(he)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)制度。要(yao)建(jian)立監(jian)管(guan)(guan)權力清(qing)單(dan)(dan)和(he)責(ze)任清(qing)單(dan)(dan)，明(ming)確(que)(que)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)產出資(zi)人監(jian)管(guan)(guan)事(shi)項，確(que)(que)保(bao)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)股(gu)東(dong)不承擔公(gong)共管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)職能(neng)。要(yao)明(ming)確(que)(que)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)股(gu)東(dong)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)邊(bian)界，不得(de)干(gan)預企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)日(ri)常經營(ying)(ying)活(huo)動。要(yao)明(ming)確(que)(que)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)委（黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組）與董事(shi)會(hui)、經理(li)(li)層等其(qi)他(ta)公(gong)司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)主體的(de)關(guan)系(xi)，建(jian)立國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)委（黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組）對(dui)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)問題進行(xing)(xing)前(qian)置研究(jiu)討(tao)論的(de)事(shi)項清(qing)單(dan)(dan)，確(que)(que)保(bao)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)委（黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組）發揮(hui)把方向、管(guan)(guan)大(da)局、保(bao)落實的(de)領導作(zuo)用(yong)，不干(gan)涉(she)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)具體生產經營(ying)(ying)活(huo)動。對(dui)于混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)置，要(yao)隨國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)股(gu)權比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)變化而調整，根據不同類型(xing)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)特點(dian)，明(ming)確(que)(que)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)置方式、職責(ze)定位和(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模式。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)控股(gu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)置，要(yao)區分國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)獨(du)資(zi)、全資(zi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)絕對(dui)控股(gu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)相對(dui)控股(gu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)不再(zai)控股(gu)的(de)混(hun)(hun)合所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)要(yao)比(bi)照非公(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)設(she)(she)(she)置。黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)作(zuo)為黨(dang)(dang)(dang)在企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中的(de)戰斗堡壘，發揮(hui)政治(zhi)(zhi)核心作(zuo)用(yong)，尊重(zhong)(zhong)和(he)支持董事(shi)會(hui)、經理(li)(li)層依法(fa)行(xing)(xing)使職權。
三(san)是明(ming)確混(hun)合所有(you)(you)制改革(ge)流程和細則(ze)(ze)。要明(ming)確混(hun)改流程和操(cao)作細則(ze)(ze)，明(ming)確操(cao)作各(ge)方(fang)權力和責任(ren)，明(ming)確國(guo)有(you)(you)資產流失標(biao)準(zhun)，使操(cao)作各(ge)方(fang)能有(you)(you)規可依，有(you)(you)章(zhang)可循，有(you)(you)效規避風險。要堅持因(yin)(yin)地(di)施策(ce)、因(yin)(yin)業施策(ce)、因(yin)(yin)企施策(ce)，宜獨(du)則(ze)(ze)獨(du)、宜控則(ze)(ze)控、宜參則(ze)(ze)參的原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)，不(bu)搞拉郎(lang)配，不(bu)搞全覆蓋，不(bu)設時間表，一企一策(ce)，成熟一個推進一個。要建立健全容錯糾錯機制，鼓勵探索、勇于實踐(jian)，寬容在改革(ge)創新中的失誤。
四是采(cai)(cai)取有效(xiao)措(cuo)施充分(fen)(fen)激發(fa)(fa)混合(he)所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)活(huo)力。要充分(fen)(fen)激發(fa)(fa)經(jing)營者(zhe)(zhe)和員(yuan)工(gong)兩個層面的積極(ji)性。對于主業(ye)(ye)(ye)處于充分(fen)(fen)競(jing)爭行業(ye)(ye)(ye)和領(ling)域的商業(ye)(ye)(ye)類國(guo)有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，鼓勵發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)非公有資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)控股的混合(he)所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，探索將部分(fen)(fen)國(guo)有股權轉化為(wei)(wei)優先股，充分(fen)(fen)發(fa)(fa)揮民(min)營企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)家的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，讓民(min)營企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)家能(neng)夠(gou)“當得了家、說得上話、做(zuo)得成(cheng)事(shi)、盈(ying)得著利”。通過企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)員(yuan)工(gong)持股、跟(gen)投(tou)，將企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利益(yi)與員(yuan)工(gong)利益(yi)緊密(mi)結合(he)，形成(cheng)利益(yi)共(gong)享、風(feng)險共(gong)擔、同謀發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的利益(yi)共(gong)同體。對于國(guo)有控股混合(he)所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，積極(ji)推動三項制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)改革(ge)。建立(li)市場化選人(ren)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)機制(zhi)(zhi)，實(shi)(shi)現管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人(ren)員(yuan)“能(neng)者(zhe)(zhe)上、庸者(zhe)(zhe)下、平者(zhe)(zhe)讓”。建立(li)健(jian)全以(yi)合(he)同管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)核心(xin)、以(yi)崗位管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)基礎的市場化用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，實(shi)(shi)現員(yuan)工(gong)能(neng)進能(neng)出。落實(shi)(shi)中央(yang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)資(zi)總(zong)額(e)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)改革(ge)要求，建立(li)健(jian)全與勞動力市場基本(ben)(ben)(ben)適應、與企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)和勞動生產(chan)率掛(gua)鉤(gou)的工(gong)資(zi)決定和正常增長機制(zhi)(zhi)，實(shi)(shi)現收(shou)入能(neng)增能(neng)減(jian)。對國(guo)有資(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)不再絕對控股的混合(he)所(suo)(suo)有制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，要采(cai)(cai)取更加靈活(huo)高效(xiao)的監管(guan)(guan)方式(shi)。 （鐘 勇）
【責任編輯：語謙】