文章(zhang)來源(yuan)：經(jing)濟日報 發布時間：2009-04-01
“早(zao)先，哪敢出(chu)屋去晨練，電廠排的氣體，聞起(qi)來(lai)就咳嗽，灰也(ye)多。現(xian)在好多了，藍天也(ye)多了。”家(jia)住河南省安陽市(shi)的王(wang)玉(yu)英，談起(qi)近一年多來(lai)該市(shi)的環境變化時這樣(yang)說。
安(an)陽(yang)市(shi)地(di)處黃河以(yi)北，人口525萬，是世界文化(hua)遺產(chan)殷(yin)墟所在(zai)地(di)。承擔全(quan)市(shi)主要供電保障(zhang)任務的安(an)陽(yang)電廠(chang)建于1958年(nian)，歷(li)經多(duo)次改擴建，到1998年(nian)全(quan)廠(chang)裝機(ji)容量達(da)到95.7萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。其(qi)中，兩臺為30萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)，其(qi)余均為10萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)、5萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)和(he)5萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)以(yi)下的小(xiao)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)。自1999年(nian)開始關停小(xiao)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)以(yi)來，到2006年(nian)仍留(liu)有兩臺每千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時供電煤耗480克的10萬千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)小(xiao)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)。
近年來隨著電(dian)力建設步(bu)伐(fa)加快(kuai)，河(he)南省內建成的(de)低能耗(hao)(hao)、少排放大(da)機組(zu)(zu)逐年增多，原有小機組(zu)(zu)能耗(hao)(hao)高(gao)、排污多，污染環境問題也日益突出。小機組(zu)(zu)在擠占有限發電(dian)空間的(de)同時，也使大(da)機組(zu)(zu)的(de)節(jie)能高(gao)效作用無法充(chong)分發揮。推動小火電(dian)廠(chang)關(guan)停勢在必行(xing)！
但關停(ting)小火(huo)電如(ru)何做到(dao)兼顧各(ge)方利益，確保員工(gong)隊伍穩定？
為此，國家電(dian)網河南(nan)省電(dian)力(li)公司(si)根據國家和地方政府(fu)的(de)出臺(tai)加快關停(ting)小火電(dian)政策法規(gui)，制定相關措(cuo)施(shi)，在安(an)陽(yang)電(dian)廠的(de)小火電(dian)機組(zu)關停(ting)上，與河南(nan)省有關部門共(gong)(gong)同配(pei)合，走出了(le)一條通(tong)過搭建(jian)電(dian)力(li)交易平臺(tai)，進(jin)行“上大壓小”發電(dian)權市場(chang)化交易，實現(xian)節能減排、多方共(gong)(gong)贏的(de)新路。
2007年(nian)1月22日和28日，安(an)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)兩臺(tai)10萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)被(bei)爆(bao)破拆除。按(an)照(zhao)爆(bao)破前(qian)安(an)陽(yang)(yang)發電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)與安(an)陽(yang)(yang)市(shi)政府、國家電(dian)(dian)網河南省公司三方簽(qian)訂(ding)的(de)協議，安(an)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)獲(huo)準建(jian)設(she)一臺(tai)30萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)產(chan)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)（每千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時供(gong)電(dian)(dian)煤耗僅(jin)280克），可取(qu)代目前(qian)全市(shi)在運的(de)134臺(tai)燃煤小鍋爐進行供(gong)熱(re)。此外，按(an)每年(nian)補償11.3億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)指(zhi)標，被(bei)關停兩臺(tai)10萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)發電(dian)(dian)量(liang)，也將按(an)月轉移(yi)給(gei)安(an)陽(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)兩臺(tai)在運的(de)30萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)。
安陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠在2007年(nian)3月份得到(dao)了補(bu)(bu)償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量7000萬千瓦(wa)時(shi)。抓住3月份豫北地區初春乍暖還寒的(de)有利天氣，安陽電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠努(nu)力與省(sheng)調通(tong)中(zhong)心溝(gou)通(tong)，全力以赴，當月實際完成發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量3.2億千瓦(wa)時(shi)，算上補(bu)(bu)償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，比沒有補(bu)(bu)償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)原(yuan)計劃實際超發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量1.0458億千瓦(wa)時(shi)。
河(he)南省副省長(chang)張大(da)(da)(da)衛在(zai)總結安陽(yang)電(dian)廠(chang)“上(shang)大(da)(da)(da)壓小”做法時，把(ba)它概(gai)括為三句話：一是(shi)(shi)通過建大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)廠(chang)，把(ba)小火電(dian)廠(chang)壓掉，在(zai)容量(liang)上(shang)實(shi)(shi)現一定的(de)替換；二是(shi)(shi)對電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)發電(dian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)優化調度(du)，發電(dian)過程中誰(shui)節(jie)能，優先(xian)安排誰(shui)的(de)發電(dian)計劃(hua)；三是(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)發電(dian)量(liang)計劃(hua)交易，小火電(dian)把(ba)自己發電(dian)量(liang)計劃(hua)指標向(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)火電(dian)轉讓，大(da)(da)(da)火電(dian)給小火電(dian)以(yi)補(bu)償，補(bu)償的(de)資金用于小火電(dian)機組的(de)職工安置，促進(jin)小火電(dian)早日關停。
“十一五”期間，河北(bei)省(sheng)南(nan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網將有(you)324.995萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)小火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組實(shi)施關(guan)停，占(zhan)全(quan)省(sheng)關(guan)停計劃的75.8％。為及時(shi)頂(ding)上關(guan)停小火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)任務，確保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應，華能上安電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠作(zuo)為河北(bei)省(sheng)南(nan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網主力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠，在(zai)確保(bao)130萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)機(ji)組安全(quan)運行的同時(shi)，目(mu)前正在(zai)加緊(jin)建設2臺每千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)煤耗僅300克(ke)的62萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)超臨界機(ji)組。按現有(you)工(gong)程進度，預計到(dao)今年下半年就可(ke)相繼投(tou)產。屆時(shi)，上安電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠裝機(ji)容量將達(da)到(dao)254萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)，成為河北(bei)省(sheng)南(nan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網裝機(ji)容量最(zui)大(da)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠。
為確保“上大(da)(da)壓(ya)小(xiao)”節能(neng)減排任務(wu)的(de)如期完成，河北(bei)省電(dian)力公(gong)司(si)按照國家電(dian)網(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)的(de)要求，以電(dian)網(wang)(wang)為平臺，在積(ji)極進行“上大(da)(da)壓(ya)小(xiao)”發電(dian)權(quan)市場化交易的(de)同時，也(ye)制定了(le)(le)《河北(bei)省南部電(dian)網(wang)(wang)關(guan)停(ting)小(xiao)火電(dian)機組配套電(dian)網(wang)(wang)建設(she)(she)實施方(fang)案》，并投資18.6億元實施了(le)(le)“上大(da)(da)壓(ya)小(xiao)”配套電(dian)網(wang)(wang)建設(she)(she)工(gong)程。計劃(hua)擴建500千伏(fu)(fu)變電(dian)站3座(zuo)(zuo)，新（擴）建220千伏(fu)(fu)變電(dian)站8座(zuo)(zuo)，線路(lu)227公(gong)里；新建110千伏(fu)(fu)變電(dian)站7座(zuo)(zuo)，線路(lu)306公(gong)里。
據(ju)國家電網(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司有關人士介(jie)紹，2007年(nian)全(quan)(quan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司結合“上(shang)(shang)大(da)壓小”繼續加快電網(wang)建(jian)設，電網(wang)開工和投產規模再創歷史新高。全(quan)(quan)年(nian)新開工110千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)59935公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，同(tong)比增(zeng)(zeng)長30.1％。其中(zhong)，330千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)17784公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，220千(qian)伏(fu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)20120公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，110千(qian)伏(fu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)22031公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。全(quan)(quan)年(nian)新投產110千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)54474公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，同(tong)比增(zeng)(zeng)長24.6％。其中(zhong)，330千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)13479公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，220千(qian)伏(fu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)19437公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，110千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)21558公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。
統計顯(xian)示，2007年全國共關(guan)停小(xiao)火電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組553臺，裝機(ji)(ji)容量(liang)1438萬(wan)千(qian)瓦，超(chao)額完成(cheng)了全年關(guan)停1000萬(wan)千(qian)瓦目標。隨著投(tou)產大型高(gao)效機(ji)(ji)組作用的發揮和小(xiao)火電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的關(guan)停，2007年電(dian)力工業每千(qian)瓦時供電(dian)煤耗下降了10克，與上(shang)年相比節(jie)約原(yuan)煤4000萬(wan)噸，若折合成(cheng)發電(dian)量(liang)達(da)870億千(qian)瓦時，相當于(yu)三峽水電(dian)站全部機(ji)(ji)組投(tou)產后全年的發電(dian)量(liang)。減(jian)少二氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)近8000萬(wan)噸、減(jian)少二氧(yang)化(hua)硫排(pai)放(fang)60多(duo)萬(wan)噸。
鑒于2007年電力工業(ye)在滿足全社(she)會旺(wang)盛電力需求同時，在“上大(da)壓小”、節(jie)能減(jian)排中邁(mai)出的扎(zha)實步伐(fa)，國家發改(gai)委宣布，2008年全國計劃關停小火電機組目標為(wei)1300萬千瓦。