文章來源：國家電網公司(si) 發(fa)布時間：2018-04-19
3月(yue)，北京最后一座燃煤電廠停機(ji)備用(yong)，這(zhe)標志著北京成為全(quan)國首個全(quan)部(bu)依(yi)靠(kao)清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電和(he)外(wai)受電的城市。大力使(shi)用(yong)清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)是推動城市能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型、實現(xian)清潔(jie)低碳(tan)發展的關鍵。近(jin)年來，國家(jia)電網(wang)(wang)公司認真落實《大氣污染防治行動計(ji)劃》，支持和(he)服務可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發展，通過(guo)加快跨區電網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設、組織新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)大范圍交(jiao)易、強(qiang)化(hua)全(quan)網(wang)(wang)統(tong)一調度，推動“三(san)北”地區大量可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)外(wai)送至(zhi)東中部(bu)消(xiao)納，為東中部(bu)城市全(quan)面(mian)推進電能(neng)替代和(he)治理霧霾，走清潔(jie)發展道路做(zuo)出積極貢獻。
使用遠方可再生能(neng)源電力 實現東中部城市清潔發展轉型
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)二次(ci)清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，東中部城(cheng)市(shi)實現清潔發展轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)，需(xu)要全面實施(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替代(dai)，通過以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)煤(mei)、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代(dai)油，切實提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)在城(cheng)市(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)費的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)重。在當前(qian)煤(mei)炭產業(ye)去產能(neng)(neng)、嚴格控(kong)制東中部煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發展的(de)(de)(de)背景下，東中部城(cheng)市(shi)替代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)還必(bi)須是(shi)來(lai)自清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。但目(mu)前(qian)北京、天津等東中部一線城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)比(bi)(bi)重低，能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)壓力大。截(jie)至2016年(nian)底，北京、天津發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)裝機分(fen)別(bie)達到1103萬、1467萬千瓦，水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝機占比(bi)(bi)均不(bu)到15%，未(wei)來(lai)必(bi)須提高(gao)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量消(xiao)費比(bi)(bi)重。
從東中部(bu)一線城市可再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)稟賦看，目(mu)前北(bei)京、天(tian)(tian)津水能(neng)(neng)(neng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)匱乏，清潔發(fa)展需要依靠風能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)。根據中國氣象局最(zui)新資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)普查數(shu)據和(he)相(xiang)關研究結論，北(bei)京、天(tian)(tian)津80米高風能(neng)(neng)(neng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的開(kai)發(fa)潛力分(fen)別僅為(wei)39萬、46萬千(qian)瓦，分(fen)布式光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)開(kai)發(fa)上限(xian)分(fen)別為(wei)460萬、360萬千(qian)瓦。按全部(bu)開(kai)發(fa)本地可再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)測算，未來北(bei)京、天(tian)(tian)津本地可再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機占(zhan)比(bi)分(fen)別達到(dao)約30%和(he)20%，可再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)占(zhan)本地用電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的比(bi)例僅為(wei)5%和(he)6%，對優化電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構、推動能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉型的作用非(fei)常有限(xian)，客觀上決定了一線城市仍(reng)然需要大量(liang)接受外來可再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力。
積極(ji)推動可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)跨區外(wai)(wai)送 可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)外(wai)(wai)送電量規模創新高
加快(kuai)(kuai)可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源配套(tao)跨區電網建(jian)設，為“三北”地區可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源能(neng)(neng)(neng)源大規(gui)模外(wai)(wai)送(song)創(chuang)造(zao)條件。目前納(na)入大氣污染防治行動計劃“四(si)(si)交四(si)(si)直(zhi)(zhi)”特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)全部開工(gong)(gong)建(jian)設，已建(jian)成投(tou)運(yun)寧東～浙江±800千(qian)伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)、錫盟～山東1000千(qian)伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)交流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)、蒙(meng)西(xi)～天津南(nan)1000千(qian)伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)交流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)、哈密(mi)～鄭(zheng)州(zhou)±800千(qian)伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，線路長(chang)度合計達到(dao)5168公(gong)里，輸送(song)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力3300萬(wan)千(qian)瓦，對西(xi)北和蒙(meng)西(xi)地區可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源外(wai)(wai)送(song)東中部地區消納(na)發揮(hui)了重要作(zuo)用。加快(kuai)(kuai)推進酒(jiu)泉～湖(hu)南(nan)±800千(qian)伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)、扎魯特(te)(te)(te)～山東±800千(qian)伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)、準東～皖(wan)南(nan)±1100千(qian)伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，線路長(chang)度合計達到(dao)6941公(gong)里，輸送(song)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力3000萬(wan)千(qian)瓦。
積極組織(zhi)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)區(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，擴大可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納市場。2016年，北(bei)京電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)中心掛牌成(cheng)立，發揮大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、大市場、大平臺優(you)(you)化配置能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的優(you)(you)勢，全(quan)年開(kai)(kai)展各類交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)1200余次，完(wan)成(cheng)包括(kuo)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)內的市場化交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量7907億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長59%。組織(zhi)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)省跨(kua)區(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量3332億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長10.3%。其中，完(wan)成(cheng)國家(jia)計(ji)劃(hua)、政府間協議2760億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長11.7%；多(duo)措并舉組織(zhi)市場化交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)572億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長3.9%。創(chuang)新可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)市場化交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)方(fang)式(shi)，開(kai)(kai)展電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)援(yuan)疆、新疆可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量增(zeng)加(jia)3.69億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)；開(kai)(kai)展可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)區(qu)直接交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，通過寧(ning)東～浙(zhe)江特高壓輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路完(wan)成(cheng)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直接交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量18億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)；開(kai)(kai)展跨(kua)區(qu)風火發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)權交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，寧(ning)夏新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)替代上海火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組0.74億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)。組織(zhi)啟動(dong)跨(kua)區(qu)跨(kua)省現貨(huo)市場，2017年1月份(fen)，組織(zhi)現貨(huo)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)共(gong)計(ji)105筆(bi)1.8億(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)。
充分發揮(hui)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)優(you)勢(shi)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)強全網(wang)調峰資源和通(tong)道(dao)富(fu)余(yu)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)的集中監(jian)控，盡最大(da)可能(neng)利用(yong)現(xian)有(you)跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)線路輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)輸(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)可再生能(neng)源。低(di)谷時(shi)段將跨(kua)(kua)省跨(kua)(kua)區(qu)送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率提高，最大(da)限度輸(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)新能(neng)源。東(dong)(dong)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)通(tong)過提高高嶺背靠背直流低(di)谷時(shi)段送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率，增加(jia)(jia)(jia)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外送(song)(song)華(hua)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)。2015、2016年東(dong)(dong)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)送(song)(song)華(hua)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分別為(wei)53億(yi)、61億(yi)千瓦(wa)時(shi)，占(zhan)東(dong)(dong)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的比例為(wei)13%、14%。華(hua)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)利用(yong)蒙西外送(song)(song)通(tong)道(dao)低(di)谷富(fu)余(yu)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，增加(jia)(jia)(jia)蒙西風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)外送(song)(song)。2015、2016年蒙西送(song)(song)華(hua)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分別達到85億(yi)、84億(yi)千瓦(wa)時(shi)，占(zhan)蒙西風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的比例分別為(wei)33%、29%。
通過多方面的努力，近年(nian)來“三北”地區可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外送至(zhi)東中部電(dian)量不斷(duan)提(ti)高(gao)。風電(dian)和太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發電(dian)等可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)外送電(dian)量從2010年(nian)1.5億千瓦時(shi)提(ti)高(gao)到2016年(nian)的363億千瓦時(shi)，年(nian)均增長150%。
著力打破(po)省間壁(bi)壘(lei) 提(ti)高(gao)“三(san)北(bei)”可再生能源外送電量(liang)比例
雖(sui)然(ran)目前“三北(bei)”地區可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源外(wai)送東中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)的(de)電量不斷(duan)提高，但(dan)支撐東中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)一線城市實現清潔發展轉(zhuan)型(xing)還(huan)不夠。按照2020年北(bei)京、天津(jin)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源消費電量占本(ben)地用電量比例均達到20%測(ce)算(suan)，需要接(jie)受外(wai)來可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源電量分別約為194億(yi)、162億(yi)千瓦時，而(er)2016年全年接(jie)納的(de)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源電量僅(jin)為45億(yi)、36億(yi)千瓦時。
未來(lai)(lai)需要(yao)大力提高東中部一線城市接納外(wai)來(lai)(lai)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)比(bi)例。但當前突(tu)出問題(ti)是，可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)區外(wai)送面臨嚴重(zhong)的省間壁壘。國(guo)內經(jing)濟形(xing)勢尚未回暖，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供大于求，可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)由于沒有配套的國(guo)家計劃(hua)，加(jia)(jia)之具有隨(sui)機(ji)性(xing)，帶來(lai)(lai)輔(fu)助(zhu)服務問題(ti)，跨(kua)區消(xiao)納的壁壘更加(jia)(jia)突(tu)出。目前，各地政府普(pu)遍對省間交易進行(xing)行(xing)政干預，干預力度(du)不(bu)斷加(jia)(jia)大。部分省份經(jing)濟主管部門要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業在本省發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組達(da)到(dao)一定利(li)用(yong)小時數(shu)前，不(bu)得購(gou)買低價(jia)外(wai)來(lai)(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，嚴重(zhong)制約可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)區外(wai)送。
當務(wu)之急是加快構建全國統一(yi)電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)，建立有利于打(da)破省間壁壘、促進可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)跨(kua)區消(xiao)納(na)的電(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制和(he)配(pei)額制度(du)。完善中長期和(he)現貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)交易體系，搭建可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)參與的跨(kua)區資(zi)源(yuan)優(you)化配(pei)置平臺，通(tong)過市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)機(ji)(ji)制推動(dong)打(da)破省間壁壘，促進可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)在(zai)更(geng)大范圍消(xiao)納(na)。推動(dong)落(luo)實可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)配(pei)額制度(du)，支持建立配(pei)額制和(he)綠色(se)證書(shu)交易相(xiang)結合的市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)化補貼(tie)政策，積極(ji)制定“十三五”分年(nian)度(du)東中部地區各省可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)量占(zhan)比指標，明確消(xiao)納(na)責任，建立考核(he)機(ji)(ji)制。