文章來源：國家電網(wang)公司 發布時間：2018-04-19
3月，北(bei)京最后(hou)一座燃煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠停(ting)機備用，這標(biao)志(zhi)著北(bei)京成為全(quan)(quan)國(guo)首(shou)個全(quan)(quan)部(bu)依靠(kao)清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)外受電(dian)(dian)(dian)的城市(shi)。大力使用清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是推(tui)動城市(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉型、實現(xian)清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)低碳發展的關(guan)鍵(jian)。近年來，國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司認真落實《大氣污(wu)染(ran)防治行動計劃》，支持和(he)(he)服務可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發展，通過(guo)加快跨區(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建設(she)、組織新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)大范圍交易(yi)、強化全(quan)(quan)網(wang)統(tong)一調度(du)，推(tui)動“三(san)北(bei)”地(di)區(qu)大量(liang)可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外送至東中部(bu)消納，為東中部(bu)城市(shi)全(quan)(quan)面推(tui)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)替代(dai)和(he)(he)治理(li)霧霾(mai)，走清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)發展道路(lu)做出積極貢獻。
使(shi)用遠方(fang)可(ke)再生能源電力 實現東中部城市清(qing)潔發(fa)展轉型
電(dian)是二次清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，東(dong)中(zhong)部(bu)城(cheng)市實現清潔發(fa)展轉型，需要全(quan)面實施電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)，通過以(yi)電(dian)代(dai)煤(mei)、以(yi)電(dian)代(dai)油，切(qie)實提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在城(cheng)市能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消費(fei)的比重。在當前(qian)(qian)煤(mei)炭(tan)產(chan)業去產(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、嚴格(ge)控(kong)制東(dong)中(zhong)部(bu)煤(mei)電(dian)發(fa)展的背景下，東(dong)中(zhong)部(bu)城(cheng)市替(ti)代(dai)的電(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)還必須(xu)是來自清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源。但目前(qian)(qian)北京、天津等(deng)東(dong)中(zhong)部(bu)一(yi)線城(cheng)市的清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源比重低，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源轉型壓力(li)大(da)。截至2016年底，北京、天津發(fa)電(dian)總裝機分(fen)別達到1103萬、1467萬千瓦，水電(dian)、風電(dian)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)等(deng)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源裝機占比均不到15%，未來必須(xu)提(ti)高(gao)可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源電(dian)量消費(fei)比重。
從東中部一線城市可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)稟賦看，目前北京(jing)、天津水能(neng)(neng)(neng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)匱乏，清(qing)潔發(fa)展需要(yao)(yao)依靠(kao)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)。根據中國氣象局最新資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)普查數據和(he)相關研究結(jie)論，北京(jing)、天津80米高(gao)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的開發(fa)潛力分別(bie)僅為(wei)39萬(wan)、46萬(wan)千瓦，分布(bu)式光伏發(fa)電開發(fa)上(shang)限分別(bie)為(wei)460萬(wan)、360萬(wan)千瓦。按全部開發(fa)本(ben)地可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)測(ce)算，未(wei)來北京(jing)、天津本(ben)地可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝機占比分別(bie)達(da)到約(yue)30%和(he)20%，可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電量占本(ben)地用電量的比例僅為(wei)5%和(he)6%，對優化電源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結(jie)構、推動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)轉型(xing)的作用非常有限，客(ke)觀上(shang)決定了一線城市仍然需要(yao)(yao)大量接(jie)受外來可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電力。
積極推動可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源跨(kua)區(qu)外送 可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能源外送電量規(gui)模創新高(gao)
加(jia)快可再生能(neng)(neng)源配套跨區(qu)電(dian)網建設(she)，為“三北(bei)”地(di)區(qu)可再生能(neng)(neng)源能(neng)(neng)源大規(gui)模外(wai)送(song)創造條件。目前納入大氣(qi)污染(ran)防治行動計劃“四交(jiao)四直(zhi)(zhi)”特(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全部開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建設(she)，已建成投運寧(ning)東～浙江±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、錫盟～山東1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、蒙(meng)西～天津南(nan)1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)交(jiao)流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、哈密～鄭州(zhou)±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，線路(lu)長(chang)度合計達到(dao)5168公里(li)，輸送(song)能(neng)(neng)力3300萬千(qian)(qian)瓦，對(dui)西北(bei)和(he)蒙(meng)西地(di)區(qu)可再生能(neng)(neng)源外(wai)送(song)東中部地(di)區(qu)消納發揮了重(zhong)要作(zuo)用。加(jia)快推(tui)進(jin)酒泉～湖南(nan)±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、扎魯特(te)(te)～山東±800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、準東～皖南(nan)±1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，線路(lu)長(chang)度合計達到(dao)6941公里(li)，輸送(song)能(neng)(neng)力3000萬千(qian)(qian)瓦。
積極組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)可再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)(kua)區交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，擴大(da)(da)可再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納市場(chang)(chang)(chang)。2016年，北京(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)中心(xin)掛牌(pai)成立，發(fa)揮大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、大(da)(da)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)、大(da)(da)平臺優化(hua)(hua)配置能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的優勢，全(quan)年開(kai)展各類交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)1200余(yu)次(ci)，完(wan)(wan)成包括可再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在內(nei)的市場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)7907億(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)59%。組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)可再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)(kua)省跨(kua)(kua)區交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)3332億(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)10.3%。其(qi)中，完(wan)(wan)成國(guo)家(jia)計劃、政府間(jian)協議2760億(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)11.7%；多措并舉組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)572億(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，同(tong)比增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)3.9%。創新可再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方式，開(kai)展電(dian)(dian)(dian)力援疆(jiang)、新疆(jiang)可再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外送電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)(zeng)加3.69億(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)；開(kai)展可再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨(kua)(kua)區直接(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，通過寧(ning)東～浙江特高壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)完(wan)(wan)成可再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直接(jie)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)18億(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)；開(kai)展跨(kua)(kua)區風火發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)權交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，寧(ning)夏新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)替代上海火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)0.74億(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)。組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)啟(qi)動跨(kua)(kua)區跨(kua)(kua)省現貨市場(chang)(chang)(chang)，2017年1月份，組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)現貨交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)共計105筆1.8億(yi)(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)。
充分發揮大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)優勢，加(jia)強全網(wang)調峰資源(yuan)(yuan)和通(tong)道富余送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)的集中(zhong)監(jian)控，盡最大(da)可能(neng)(neng)利(li)(li)用現有跨(kua)區(qu)線路(lu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)輸(shu)送(song)(song)(song)可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)。低(di)谷時段(duan)將跨(kua)省跨(kua)區(qu)送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)，最大(da)限度輸(shu)送(song)(song)(song)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)。東北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)通(tong)過提(ti)(ti)高(gao)高(gao)嶺背靠背直流低(di)谷時段(duan)送(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)，增加(jia)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。2015、2016年(nian)東北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)送(song)(song)(song)華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量分別為(wei)53億(yi)(yi)、61億(yi)(yi)千瓦時，占東北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的比例為(wei)13%、14%。華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)利(li)(li)用蒙(meng)西(xi)(xi)外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)通(tong)道低(di)谷富余容量，增加(jia)蒙(meng)西(xi)(xi)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量外(wai)(wai)送(song)(song)(song)。2015、2016年(nian)蒙(meng)西(xi)(xi)送(song)(song)(song)華北電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量分別達到85億(yi)(yi)、84億(yi)(yi)千瓦時，占蒙(meng)西(xi)(xi)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的比例分別為(wei)33%、29%。
通過多方面的(de)(de)努力(li)，近年來“三北”地區可再生能源外(wai)(wai)送(song)至東中部電(dian)量不斷提(ti)高。風(feng)電(dian)和(he)太(tai)陽能發電(dian)等可再生能源外(wai)(wai)送(song)電(dian)量從2010年1.5億千(qian)瓦時提(ti)高到2016年的(de)(de)363億千(qian)瓦時，年均增長(chang)150%。
著力(li)打破(po)省間壁壘 提(ti)高“三北”可再生能源外送電量比例
雖然目前“三(san)北”地區(qu)可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外(wai)送(song)東中部的(de)電量不斷提高，但支撐東中部一線(xian)城市(shi)實現清(qing)潔發展轉型還不夠。按(an)照2020年北京、天津(jin)可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消費電量占本(ben)地用電量比例均達到20%測算，需要(yao)接受外(wai)來可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電量分別(bie)約為194億、162億千瓦時(shi)，而2016年全年接納的(de)可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電量僅為45億、36億千瓦時(shi)。
未來需(xu)要大(da)力(li)提高東(dong)中(zhong)部(bu)一線城市接納外(wai)(wai)來可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電量比例。但當前突出問(wen)題是(shi)，可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨區(qu)外(wai)(wai)送面臨(lin)嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)省(sheng)間壁壘(lei)。國內經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)形勢尚未回暖，電力(li)供(gong)大(da)于(yu)求，可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)由(you)于(yu)沒有(you)配套的(de)(de)國家計劃，加(jia)之具(ju)有(you)隨機性，帶來輔助(zhu)服務問(wen)題，跨區(qu)消(xiao)納的(de)(de)壁壘(lei)更加(jia)突出。目(mu)前，各地政府普遍對省(sheng)間交(jiao)易進行(xing)行(xing)政干預(yu)，干預(yu)力(li)度(du)不(bu)斷加(jia)大(da)。部(bu)分省(sheng)份經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)主(zhu)管部(bu)門要求電網企業在本(ben)省(sheng)發電機組達(da)到(dao)一定利(li)用(yong)小時數前，不(bu)得購買低價外(wai)(wai)來電，嚴(yan)重制(zhi)約可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨區(qu)外(wai)(wai)送。
當務之急是(shi)加(jia)快(kuai)構建(jian)全國統一電力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，建(jian)立有(you)利于打破(po)省(sheng)間壁(bi)壘(lei)(lei)、促進可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生能源(yuan)跨區消(xiao)納的電價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)配(pei)(pei)(pei)額制(zhi)(zhi)度。完善中(zhong)(zhong)長期(qi)和(he)(he)現貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)交易(yi)體(ti)系，搭建(jian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生能源(yuan)參與的跨區資源(yuan)優化配(pei)(pei)(pei)置平臺，通過(guo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)推動打破(po)省(sheng)間壁(bi)壘(lei)(lei)，促進可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生能源(yuan)在更大范(fan)圍消(xiao)納。推動落實(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生能源(yuan)配(pei)(pei)(pei)額制(zhi)(zhi)度，支持建(jian)立配(pei)(pei)(pei)額制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)綠色證書交易(yi)相結合的市(shi)場(chang)(chang)化補貼(tie)政策，積極制(zhi)(zhi)定“十三(san)五(wu)”分年(nian)度東(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)部地(di)區各省(sheng)可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生能源(yuan)電量(liang)占比(bi)指(zhi)標，明確消(xiao)納責任，建(jian)立考核(he)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。