文章來源：經濟參考報 發布時間：2021-07-06
新基建風(feng)口下，各路資本、各方(fang)人馬涌入充電樁行業，能否破解其盈利困(kun)境(jing)？未來行業發展的方(fang)向是什么(me)？近(jin)日(ri)，國網電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)服務有(you)限公司(si)（以下簡稱國網電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)公司(si)）董事長(chang)、黨委書記全生(sheng)明表示，今年以來，疫情加劇(ju)了充電樁行業的盈利難度，但新基建等(deng)一系(xi)列政(zheng)策出臺(tai)給這一行業打了一針強心(xin)劑。
據透露(lu)，作為充(chong)換電(dian)行業的(de)國(guo)家隊，國(guo)網電(dian)動汽車公司正在(zai)加快(kuai)構(gou)建“全(quan)國(guo)充(chong)電(dian)一(yi)張(zhang)網”。預計到(dao)2020年底，平臺將實現注冊用戶數突破500萬，累計接(jie)入充(chong)電(dian)樁100萬根，年充(chong)電(dian)量達到(dao)15億千瓦時。
充換電行業盈利難度加大
近(jin)年來(lai)，在(zai)各(ge)方共同努力下，我國新能源汽車進(jin)入加速(su)發展(zhan)的(de)新階段(duan)。作為(wei)其(qi)不可或缺的(de)配套產(chan)業，充換(huan)電(dian)行業也(ye)取得(de)了巨大進(jin)步。
根據中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)(she)施促進聯盟統計，截至今年5月，全(quan)國(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)(she)施累計數(shu)量為(wei)(wei)129.9萬臺，同比增加33.1%。其中(zhong)公共充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁保有量55萬臺，私(si)人(ren)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁保有量74.9萬臺。“可以說，充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)(she)施的建(jian)設(she)(she)為(wei)(wei)滿足充(chong)電(dian)(dian)需求做出了突出貢獻，有力保障了我國(guo)新(xin)能源(yuan)汽車(che)(che)產業(ye)的快速發展(zhan)。”全(quan)生明稱。
但他表示，由于目前(qian)新能源汽車在整體汽車存(cun)量(liang)中占比(bi)仍然較小，充換(huan)電行業(ye)普遍存(cun)在項目投入(ru)大(da)、落(luo)地難、回收(shou)周期(qi)長等問題，加之設施(shi)平均利(li)(li)用(yong)率低(di)(di)、市場競(jing)爭激烈，各平臺尚未實現(xian)完全互(hu)聯互(hu)通，運(yun)(yun)營商缺乏(fa)(fa)流量(liang)變現(xian)手段等因素，導(dao)致充換(huan)電行業(ye)盈利(li)(li)比(bi)較困難。特別是今年(nian)以(yi)來，受疫情(qing)影響(xiang)，私家(jia)車、運(yun)(yun)營車等各類車輛充電需求驟降(jiang)，各充換(huan)電運(yun)(yun)營商上半年(nian)的(de)充電電量(liang)、服務(wu)費收(shou)入(ru)顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低(di)(di)，在盈利(li)(li)方式單一(yi)、缺乏(fa)(fa)其他增值服務(wu)收(shou)入(ru)的(de)情(qing)況下，進一(yi)步加劇(ju)了行業(ye)盈利(li)(li)難度。
全生明說(shuo)，目前充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)行(xing)業還存在設施分布不(bu)(bu)均衡、互(hu)聯互(hu)通廣度和(he)深(shen)度不(bu)(bu)夠、智(zhi)能(neng)化和(he)互(hu)動(dong)化水平不(bu)(bu)高等問題，同(tong)時社區建樁(zhuang)難、數量少、利用(yong)率低，影(ying)響了(le)新能(neng)源車主用(yong)車體驗和(he)獲得(de)感，充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)體系建設亟待(dai)加(jia)強，充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)行(xing)業亟須更多的(de)政策(ce)支持和(he)指導(dao)。
迎來新基建政策春風
全(quan)生(sheng)明認(ren)為，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁被納(na)入(ru)新基建及(ji)一(yi)(yi)系列(lie)相關(guan)支持政(zheng)策的出(chu)臺，彰顯了(le)國家支持新能(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)(che)及(ji)充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)業發(fa)展的決(jue)心(xin)(xin)，這將(jiang)有(you)效(xiao)解決(jue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)難題、促進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)產(chan)業加快發(fa)展，對拉動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)產(chan)業走出(chu)短期底部、保障(zhang)行(xing)業行(xing)穩(wen)致(zhi)遠、更好滿足人民美好生(sheng)活需要(yao)(yao)，具有(you)重要(yao)(yao)意義(yi)。同時，這也給充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業打了(le)一(yi)(yi)針強心(xin)(xin)劑，有(you)利于(yu)設備制造商(shang)、運營商(shang)等產(chan)業鏈上下(xia)游企業發(fa)展，提升核心(xin)(xin)技術與創新能(neng)力(li)；有(you)利于(yu)吸引更多的社會資(zi)本(ben)進入(ru)充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)領域，營造共建共營的良好發(fa)展局(ju)面；有(you)利于(yu)補齊(qi)行(xing)業發(fa)展短板(ban)，提振老百(bai)姓對新能(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)(che)的消(xiao)費(fei)信(xin)心(xin)(xin)，助力(li)行(xing)業長遠發(fa)展和(he)國家戰略落(luo)地。
注(zhu)意到，最終(zhong)表決通過的(de)《政(zheng)府(fu)工作報(bao)告(gao)》將此(ci)前“建(jian)設充電樁”的(de)表述修改為“增(zeng)加充電樁、換電站等設施”。
在全生明看來(lai)，換(huan)電站作(zuo)為新(xin)基(ji)建的重要組(zu)成(cheng)部分(fen)第一(yi)次被寫入(ru)《政(zheng)府工作(zuo)報(bao)告》，一(yi)方面意(yi)味著國家(jia)對(dui)換(huan)電技術創新(xin)的認可，對(dui)車電分(fen)離發展道路(lu)的肯定(ding)；另(ling)一(yi)方面,就電動車使用而言，換(huan)電不僅是相同規格(ge)電池(chi)的快速更換(huan)，更緩解了當下電動車補能(neng)速度慢、續航不可升級、二手車殘值(zhi)低等(deng)問題。
他認為，根據目前行(xing)業(ye)整體發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)情(qing)況及技(ji)術(shu)(shu)變革趨勢判斷，未來充(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)將(jiang)(jiang)向規(gui)模化(hua)、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)化(hua)、互(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)、網聯化(hua)、共(gong)享化(hua)方向發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。首先，充(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)在一(yi)定程度(du)上具有(you)網絡經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，平(ping)臺(tai)效應、規(gui)模效應突出，目前已經形成國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、特來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、星星充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等大型(xing)運營商為主導(dao)(dao)、中(zhong)小(xiao)微運營商為補充(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場格局，未來有(you)望進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮平(ping)臺(tai)整合(he)(he)作用，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)不同運營商充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深度(du)互(hu)(hu)聯互(hu)(hu)通，打造“全國(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)張網”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格局；其次，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷提升(sheng)，進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)引導(dao)(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)向智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)化(hua)方向發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，以即插(cha)即充(chong)(chong)(chong)、大功(gong)率充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等為代表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)創新(xin)將(jiang)(jiang)成為充(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)力。同時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)化(hua)、網聯化(hua)水平(ping)提升(sheng)，將(jiang)(jiang)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)促(cu)進(jin)(jin)個人樁(zhuang)共(gong)享，提高(gao)社區充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)利用率、降低充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)使用成本。第三，充(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)與(yu)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)緊密相連，有(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、V2G、負(fu)荷聚(ju)合(he)(he)等車(che)網互(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)與(yu)應用，將(jiang)(jiang)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)(bu)挖掘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)價值(zhi)，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)與(yu)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深度(du)融合(he)(he)、互(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。此(ci)外，利用負(fu)荷聚(ju)合(he)(he)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)開展(zhan)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交易，聚(ju)合(he)(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網輔助(zhu)服(fu)務，將(jiang)(jiang)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)實現新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消納，助(zhu)力能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉型(xing)。
加快打造“全國充電一張網”
近期以來，北(bei)京(jing)、上海、江蘇等多(duo)個地方都先后出臺了充電(dian)樁(zhuang)建設(she)方案。而國網電(dian)動汽(qi)車公司也在加(jia)碼布局這(zhe)一賽(sai)道，今年將安排27億元投(tou)資(zi)充電(dian)設(she)施(shi)建設(she)，新增充電(dian)樁(zhuang)7.8萬個。
“爭做投資(zi)建(jian)設的帶動(dong)(dong)者，主動(dong)(dong)對(dui)接各地方新能源(yuan)汽(qi)車產業發展需(xu)求，持續完善(shan)公共、專用充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設施(shi)建(jian)設布局，加快社(she)區智能有序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設施(shi)發展，多措并舉引(yin)導社(she)會資(zi)本積極參與充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設施(shi)建(jian)設。” 全生明表示。
在加大(da)充電(dian)(dian)樁建設力度的同時，國(guo)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)動汽車公司(si)還致(zhi)力于建設服(fu)務(wu)最(zui)優、接入(ru)最(zui)多(duo)、流量最(zui)大(da)的智慧車聯網(wang)平(ping)臺(tai)，截(jie)至目前，注冊用(yong)戶數(shu)接近(jin)300萬，接入(ru)充電(dian)(dian)樁總數(shu)超(chao)過49萬根。更重要的是(shi)依托這一平(ping)臺(tai)，廣泛聚合充電(dian)(dian)樁資源，推動新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源汽車深度融入(ru)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統，創新(xin)(xin)服(fu)務(wu)產(chan)品(pin)與商業模式，吸引(yin)行業合作伙伴共(gong)建共(gong)享(xiang)，構(gou)建新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源汽車服(fu)務(wu)生(sheng)態圈。同時，爭做技術(shu)創新(xin)(xin)的先行者(zhe)，搭(da)建國(guo)家(jia)級充電(dian)(dian)技術(shu)創新(xin)(xin)平(ping)臺(tai)，推動充電(dian)(dian)設施智能(neng)化(hua)、網(wang)聯化(hua)發展，攻(gong)堅大(da)功率充電(dian)(dian)、V2G等關鍵技術(shu)，牽頭(tou)開展行業、國(guo)家(jia)、國(guo)際標準(zhun)制修(xiu)訂，實現標準(zhun)引(yin)領(ling)、技術(shu)引(yin)領(ling)。
邀請符合(he)條件的合(he)伙人一(yi)同(tong)共建共享充電樁，向中(zhong)小充電運(yun)營(ying)(ying)商提供(gong)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)平臺，與寶馬(ma)等公司開啟戰(zhan)略合(he)作……一(yi)系列不(bu)同(tong)于(yu)以往的動(dong)作背(bei)后(hou)是國網(wang)電動(dong)汽車公司全新的謀劃。
“這些舉措(cuo)一是引導市場方向，實現各企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)作共贏；二是盤(pan)活市場資源(yuan)，帶動(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車新能源(yuan)行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)；三是激勵整(zheng)個產(chan)(chan)業鏈(lian)相關行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。”全生明(ming)表示，合(he)(he)作建樁(zhuang)業務將帶動(dong)基建施工、生產(chan)(chan)制造和(he)大數據業務在橫向和(he)縱向上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，為(wei)培育良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生態(tai)環境奠定堅實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。同時，有利于全社會(hui)產(chan)(chan)業鏈(lian)更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)工協作，降低(di)全社會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)(he)建站成本，為(wei)中小運營(ying)商進行(xing)減負。此外，以平臺作為(wei)樞紐，整(zheng)合(he)(he)樁(zhuang)企、運營(ying)商及(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)用戶資源(yuan)，降低(di)整(zheng)個充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經營(ying)成本，達到多(duo)方面推動(dong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)市場向好發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，拉動(dong)幕后產(chan)(chan)業鏈(lian)效(xiao)益增長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
【責(ze)任編輯：趙藝涵】